Mandate – to recommend comprehensive measures for enhancing transparency, efficiency, and accountability in public administration.
The commission’s mandate includes restructuring administrative systems, simplifying citizen-centric service delivery, and strengthening institutional governance across departments.
The current Chairman of the Karnataka Administrative Reforms Commission is Shri R.V. Deshpande, who was appointed in January 2024 with the status of a Cabinet Minister. He took over from the previous chairman, Shri T.M. Vijay Bhaskar
117-km Bengaluru Business Corridor (BBC), formerly known as the Peripheral Ring Road (PRR), to connect Electronics City with Tumakuru Road and Mysuru Road.
Bengaluru Business Corridor
Implementation – Bengaluru Development Authority (BDA) would develop the BBC.
It connects Electronics City with Tumakuru Road and Mysuru Road.
Significance – It decongest traffic by up to 40% by diverting through-traffic and linking major radial highways; alternative/complement to NICE Road.
In a landmark labour reform, Saudi Arabia has officially scrapped the decades-old Kafala (sponsorship) system.
Kafala system
The Kafala system required foreign workers to have a Saudi sponsor, usually their employer, who controlled their visa and legal status.
This meant that workers couldn’t change jobs, leave the country, or even renew their residence permits without the sponsor’s consent.
Why did Saudi Arabia scrap the system
Human rights bodies long argued that this system often led to worker exploitation and abuse, as employees were left with little legal recourse if their employers withheld salaries or passports.
The reform aligns with Saudi Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman’s Vision 2030, which aims to modernise the economy, attract foreign investment, and reduce the kingdom’s reliance on oil.
Exercise Ocean Sky 2025
Syllabus: GS3/ Defence
Context
The Indian Air Force (IAF) is participating in Exercise Ocean Sky 2025, a multinational air combat exercise hosted by the Spanish Air Force at Gando Air Base, Spain.
Exercise Ocean Sky 2025
Objective – The exercise aims to foster mutual learning, enhance interoperability, sharpen air combat skills, and strengthen defence cooperation with friendly nations.
The exercise brings together more than 50 aircraft from Spain, Germany, Greece, Portugal, India, and the United States, including India’s Su-30MKI fighter jets.
Project Arunank
Syllabus: GS3/Defence
In News
Project Arunank of the Border Roads Organisation (BRO) marked its 18th Raising Day in Naharlagun, Arunachal Pradesh.
Project Arunank
It was established in 2008
It has built over 696 km of roads and 1.18 km of major bridges, enhancing connectivity to remote areas and supporting Armed Forces operations.
It has embraced sustainable technologies such as Steel Slag, Geo Cells, and GGBFS Concrete to improve infrastructure
Environmental efforts include planting 23,850 trees under the ‘Ek Ped Maa Ke Naam’ initiative.
Established in – It was formed in 1960 by Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru
Objective – To coordinate the speedy development of an adequate road communication network of roads in the North and the North-Eastern border regions of the country.
Functions under – It works under the administrative control of the Ministry of Defence.
Significance – Support the armed forces meet their strategic needs by committed, dedicated and cost-effective development and sustenance of the infrastructure.
Recent and upcoming Projects: This includes the construction of Sela Tunnel in Arunachal Pradesh on Balipara-Chariduar-Tawang Road.
ICGS Ajit and ICGS Aparajit
Syllabus: GS3/Defence
In News
The Indian Coast Guard launched two advanced Fast Patrol Vessels—ICG Ship Ajit and ICGS Aparajit—at Goa Shipyard Limited (GSL).
ICGS Ajit and ICGS Aparajit
These vessels are the seventh and eighth in a series of eight indigenously built Fast Patrol Vessels
Built by – Goa Shipyard Limited (GSL).
Significance – The FPVs are designed for multi-mission roles such as fisheries protection, coastal patrol, anti-smuggling, anti-piracy, and search and rescue operations, especially around India’s island territories and Exclusive Economic Zone.
Indo-Tibetan Border Police (ITBP) Raising Day
Syllabus: GS 3/Security Agencies
In News
The 64th raising day of Indo-Tibetan Border Police (ITBP) was observed recently.
Indo-Tibetan Border Police (ITBP)
Established on – October 24, 1962
It guards the 3,488 km-long India-China border, stretching from the Karakoram Pass in Ladakh to Jachep La in Arunachal Pradesh.
It also plays a crucial role in internal security operations, including anti-Naxal duties in Chhattisgarh.
Many of the ITBP’s Border Out Posts are located at altitudes between 9,000 and 18,800 feet, where temperatures can plummet to minus 45 degrees Celsius during winters.
Relevance
It is recognised as a specialised armed police force.
It trains its personnel in mountaineering, skiing, and tactical combat,
to maintain readiness for disaster response and relief operations in the Himalayan region.
Carabid Beetles
Syllabus: GS3/ Environment
Context
Recent research in Italy has shown that carabid ground beetles can serve as potential bioindicators of microplastic pollution in soil.
Carabid Beetles
They belong to the family Carabidae
They are nocturnal predators that inhabit nearly all terrestrial ecosystems worldwide.
Species diversity: Around 34,000 species globally and over 1,000 species recorded in India.
Physical traits: Flattened, elongated bodies (mostly dark or metallic-shiny), and prominent mandibles for predation.
Ecological Role:
Natural pest controllers: Feed on a variety of agricultural pests like caterpillars, slugs, aphids, weevils, and snails.
Indicator of soil quality: High carabid diversity reflects low pesticide use, good organic matter, and balanced soil moisture.
Pilot Whales
Syllabus: GS3/Species in News
Context
More than two dozen pilot whales have died after becoming stranded on a remote beach in New
Pilot Whales
Scientific name:
Globicephala melas (Long-finned Pilot Whale).
Globicephala macrorhynchus (Short-finned Pilot Whale).
Family: Delphinidae (Oceanic dolphins).
Despite their name, they are not true whales but large oceanic dolphins.
They were named pilot whales because it was thought that each pod followed a ‘pilot’ in the group.
Distinctive Appearance: Pilot whales have a distinctive appearance characterized by a bulbous forehead and a long, black body with a white or light-gray saddle patch behind the dorsal fin.
Habitat & Distribution:
Long-finned species – They prefer cooler waters (North Atlantic, Southern Ocean).
Short-finned species – They prefer warmer tropical and subtropical waters (Indian Ocean and Arabian Sea).
Bengaluru City likely to get Namo Bharat trains to boost regional connectivity
Namo Bharat
It is India’s first semi-high-speed regional rail service (previously known as RapidX) designed for fast, comfortable, and efficient inter-city travel within the National Capital Region (NCR) and other urban areas.
It is currently India’s fastest operational train, running at a top speed of 160 km/h on dedicated corridors
It marked the launch of India’s first Regional Rapid Transit System service, initially branded RapidX and introduced to the public as Namo Bharat at launch.
State inks pact with GAIL to generate gas from wet waste
News –
The Karnataka government has signed an agreement with Gas Authority of India Limited (GAIL) to generate gas from wet waste in Bengaluru.
This will help reduce the problem of waste in Bengaluru,and that the gas will be distributed to industries and hotels.
The types of waste generated and managed in Bangalore include:
Organic Waste – Kitchen waste such as food leftovers, vegetable peels, fruit waste, tea/coffee grounds, eggshells, garden pruning and green waste.
Non-Organic (Dry) Waste – Recyclable solid waste like plastics (bags, bottles, containers), metals (utensils, wires, batteries), glass (bottles/cups), paper (newspapers, cardboard), and wood.
Hazardous Waste – Items such as insect sprays, chemicals, medical waste (syringes, bio-medical waste), e-waste, batteries, and sanitary products.
Inert Waste – Construction and demolition debris like sand, concrete, clay, subsoil, stones, and rubble.
Solid Waste Management Rules, 2016:
Mandatory Source Segregation: Waste generators must segregate waste into three streams: wet (biodegradable), dry (plastic, paper, metal, etc.), and domestic hazardous waste.
Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR): Manufacturers/brand owners of certain products (e.g., plastic packaging, e-waste, batteries) are financially responsible for collecting and processing their post-consumer waste.
Role of Urban Local Bodies (ULBs): Responsible for door-to-door collection, transportation, processing, and disposal.
User Fees and Spot Fines: Local bodies can levy user fees for waste services and spot fines for littering or non-segregation.
Promotion of Waste Processing: Emphasis on composting, biomethanation, recycling, and waste-to-energy plants over landfills.
Government Initiatives
Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM) (Urban and Gramin): Flagship cleanliness campaign with a focus on achieving “Garbage-Free Cities” (SBM-U 2.0) through scientific waste management.
Waste to Wealth Mission: Promotes converting waste into energy, compost, and other valuable products.
GOBAR-Dhan Scheme: Focuses on converting organic waste and cattle dung into biogas, bio-CNG, and organic manure in rural areas.
NAMASTE Scheme: Aims to formalize and integrate informal waste pickers into the formal waste management system, providing them with safety and social security.
Kashmir’s new Chrysanthemum Garden, Bagh-e-Gul-e-Dawood will open near the Zabarwan range, featuring over 30 lakh blooms across 50+ varieties.
Chrysanthemum
It is a perennial flowering plant from the Asteraceae family.
It is widely cultivated in China, Japan, Europe, and the U.S. for its medicinal properties and use in aromatic beverages.
Uniqueness – It is rich in phenolic compounds and exhibits potent antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, and other therapeutic activities.
International Convention Against Doping in Sport
Syllabus: Miscellaneous
In News
India was re-elected as Vice-Chairperson of the Bureau representing the Asia-Pacific during the 10th Session of UNESCO’s International Convention against Doping in Sport, held in Paris.
Doping and its Concerns
Doping refers to the practice of using banned chemical substances, known as performance enhancing drugs (PEDs), by athletes.
Conventions and Declarations related to Anti-Doping
Copenhagen Declaration
Held in – Copenhagen Declaration on Anti-Doping in Sport was agreed upon by governments at the Second World Conference on Doping in Sport held in Copenhagen, Denmark in 2003.
Purpose – The declaration was the political document through which governments signalled their intention to formally recognise and implement the World Anti-Doping Code.
Significance – This declaration was the first step toward the preparation of the UNESCO International Convention against doping in sports.
India agreed to this declaration in the year 2003.
International Convention Against Doping in Sport
It is also known as the ‘UNESCO Anti-Doping Convention’.
It was adopted at the General Conference of UNESCO in Paris in 2005. It entered into force in 2007.
Objective –To promote the prevention of and the fight against doping in sports, with a view to its elimination.
India ratified this convention in 2007.
Note – National Anti-Doping Agency, an autonomous body under the Ministry of Youth Affairs, is responsible for adopting, implementing and enforcing anti-doping programmes in India.
Strengthening Governance through Blockchain Technology
Syllabus: GS2/ Governance. GS3/ Science and Technology
Context
India is accelerating its adoption of blockchain technology to transform governance, enhance transparency, and strengthen digital trust through the National Blockchain Framework (NBF).
Connect with the basics- Blockchain
Definition – Blockchain is a distributed, transparent, secure, and immutable database that functions like a ledger of records or transactions, resistant to tampering and accessible across a network of computers.
Applications of Blockchain Technology
Blockchain technology has numerous applications across various industries due to its secure, transparent, and decentralized nature.
Cryptocurrencies: Enabling secure digital currencies like Bitcoin and Ethereum.
Smart Contracts: Automating agreements without intermediaries.
Supply Chain Management: Enhancing transparency and traceability.
Healthcare: Securing patient records and improving data sharing.
Banking and Finance: Streamlining cross-border payments and fraud detection.
Voting Systems: Ensuring transparent and tamper-proof elections.
Identity Management: Offering secure, verifiable digital identities.
Real Estate: Simplifying property transfers with tokenized assets.
Gaming: Enabling ownership of in-game assets and NFTs.
Energy Sector: Supporting peer-to-peer energy trading.
National Blockchain Framework (NBF)
Launched in- 2024
Developed by – Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY)
Objective – to accelerate the development and deployment of permissioned blockchain-based applications.
Makhananomics
Syllabus: GS3/Economy
In News
Prime Minister Narendra Modi described the newly launched National Makhana Board as a transformative “revolution” for the sector.
Makhana (Euryale ferox)
It is a flowering plant classified in the water lily family (Nymphaeaceae).
Climatic condition: Requires a temperature range of 20-35°C, and annual rainfall between 100- 250 cm.
It is a fully organic non-cereal food found principally in India but also in Korea, Japan, as well as parts of eastern Russia.
Bihar accounts for ~90% of India’s makhana production.
GI Tag: In 2022, ‘Mithila Makhana’ was conferred a GI tag.
Cloud Seeding
Syllabus: GS3/Environment
Context
Delhi Chief Minister has said cloud seeding is essential for the national capital as it could play a key role in controlling rising pollution levels during the winter season.
Cloud Seeding or Artificial Rain
Definition – Artificial rain refers to inducing precipitation by injecting certain chemicals into clouds to accelerate the process of raindrop formation.
Conditions Required:Potential rain-bearing clouds, sufficient humidity and atmospheric instability & Favorable wind and temperature conditions.
Advantages of Cloud Seeding
Air Pollution Mitigation: In cities like Delhi, artificial rain can wash down particulate matter and other pollutants, providing temporary relief from severe air pollution.
Drought Mitigation and Water Resource Augmentation: States like Maharashtra and Karnataka have used cloud seeding to combat water shortages (e.g., “Project Meghdoot” and “Varshadhari”).
Forest Fire Control: By increasing moisture levels, cloud seeding can potentially reduce the risk and intensity of wildfires.
Sree Narayana Guru
Syllabus: GS1/Modern History
Context
The President of India inaugurated the observance of the Mahasamadhi centenary of Sree Narayana Guru at Sivagiri Mutt, Varkala, Kerala.
Sree Narayana Guru(1856–1928)
He was born in 1856 in Kerala into the Ezhava community, which faced severe caste disabilities.
He was a saint, philosopher, and one of the foremost social reformers in modern India who challenged caste oppression and emphasized spiritual reform as the path to social reform.
Sree Narayana Guru known for blending Advaita Vedanta with a call for social justice.
Key Contributions
Social Philosophy: Propagated the radical message: “One Caste, One Religion, One God for Man”.
Rejected birth-based caste hierarchy and promoted dignity of labour.
Institution Building: Founded Sree Narayana Dharma Paripalana Yogam (SNDP, 1903) to advance education, social empowerment, and reform.
Aruvipuram Movement (1888): Consecrated a Shiva idol himself, breaking the Brahmin monopoly over temple ritual Built temples, schools, and ashrams for the common people with egalitarian access.
Political & Social Movements: Extended moral and ideological support to the Vaikom Satyagraha (1924–25) for temple entry rights of lower castes.
Educational Upliftment: Stressed education as the foundation of empowerment and upliftment.
Gyan Bharatam Mission
Syllabus: GS1/Culture
Context
The Gyan Bharatam Mission on manuscripts under the Union Culture Ministry, signed Memorandums of Understanding with around 20 institutes for conservation, upkeep and digitisation of manuscripts.
Gyan Bharatam Mission
Purpose – The mission aims to preserve and protect manuscripts found across the country.
Objective: To undertake the “survey, documentation and conservation” of more than one crore manuscript heritage lying with academic institutions, museums, libraries, etc.
Significance of Mission: Preserving historical value, unveiling ancient Indian knowledge to the world, ensuring longevity and round-the-clock access to Manuscripts, etc.
Basic terms – Manuscripts
A manuscript is a handwritten composition on paper, bark, palm leaf etc. dating back at least 75 years that has significant scientific, historical or aesthetic value.
g. Bakhshali manuscript (Third or fourth century A.D.), an ancient Indian mathematical text written on birch bark, is considered to be the earliest recorded example of use of zero.
India possesses an estimated 10 million manuscripts in 80 ancient scripts like Brahmi, Kushan, Gaudi, Lepcha, and Maithili.
Other initiatives for manuscript conservation in India
National Manuscripts Mission (NMM): Launched In 2003, by the Ministry of Tourism and Culture to locate and preserve manuscripts.
National Library of India, Kolkata: It has about 3600 rare and historically important manuscripts.
Asiatic Society of Bengal: Founded on Jan. 15, 1784, by Sir William Jones, undertakes digitization of ancient manuscripts.
State to ready 300-acre data centre park at Tavarekere in 18 months
News –
Karnataka will create a dedicated data centre park at Tavarekere, an industrial area bordering Hoskote and Kolar.
Dedicated data centre park at Tavarekere
Aim – to cater to the huge data centre infrastructure requirement in the State.
Karnataka Industrial Areas Development Board (KIADB) has already notified and would soon be acquiring 1,000 acres of land in Tavarekere, (some 46 km away from the central business area of Bengaluru),
The Drugs Controller General of India (DCGI) has directed digital monitoring on the Online National Drugs Licensing System (ONDLS) for tracking the supply chain of high-risk solvents.
Online National Drugs Licensing System
It is a Drugs Controller General of India (DCGI) in India for processing drug- and cosmetic-related applications for manufacturing and sales licences, and various certificates.
It is developed by the Centre for Development of Advanced Computing (CDAC) in coordination with the Central Drugs Standard Control Organisation (CDSCO).
Additional Information – Central Drugs Standard Control Organization (CDSCO)
Established under – It is the Central Drug Authority and is responsible for carrying out duties entrusted by the Drugs and Cosmetics Act,1940.
Responsibilities:
Adoption of drugs.
clinical trials, please.
establishing the criteria for drugs.
control over the country’s imported drugs’ quality.
Coordination of state drug control organizations’ effort
Other Drug Regulatory Bodies in India
Drugs Controller General of India (DCGI): It is in charge of approving licenses for specific kinds of medications. He or she also serves as the head of the CDSCO department of the Indian government.
Drug Price Control Order (DPCO): To keep certain necessary medications in India accessible for the general people, the DPCO controls their prices.
Drugs and Cosmetics Act, 1940: This act regulates domestic drug use.
Cassava/Tapioca crops
Syllabus: GS3/Agriculture
Context
A tiny parasitic wasp, Anagyrus lopezi, has been successfully used for biological control of the invasive cassava mealybug in tapioca plantations.
Cassava (Also called ‘Bread of the Tropics’)
Known as – ‘Yuca’ or ‘Manioc’.
It is a root vegetable grown through stem cuttings.
It is a tall semi-woody perennial shrub or tree native to South America and was introduced in Africa & Asia by Portuguese sailors.
Nigeria is the world’s largest producer of Cassava.
It has numerous health benefits as it is rich in energy & vitamins.
Significance – Under India’s National Policy on Biofuels (2018), cassava is recognized as a raw material for ethanol production, enhancing its significance beyond food security.
5th Edition of “An Eye on Methane: From Measurement to Momentum”
Syllabus: GS3/ Environment
In News
The UN Environment Programme (UNEP) has released the fifth edition of its flagship publication — “An Eye on Methane: From Measurement to Momentum” report.
Key Highlights of the 2025 Report
Methane emissions from energy, agriculture, and waste sectors remain high, despite available cost-effective mitigation technologies.
Methane has 80 times more warming potential than CO₂ over 20 years.
Approximately 60% of current methane emissions originate from human activities, with the largest contributors being agriculture, fossil fuel extraction and use, and landfill waste.
The report highlights India’s effective role in the Global Methane Pledge (GMP) and its efforts through SATAT, National Biogas Mission, and waste-to-energy projects.
International Day of the Snow Leopard 2025
Syllabus: GS3/ Environment
Context
India celebrated International Snow Leopard Day on October 23, with a nationwide campaign “#23for23”.
International Day of the Snow Leopard 2025
In 2024, the United Nations General Assembly proclaimed October 23 as the International Day of the Snow Leopard.
Objective – to enhance international and regional cooperation for Snow Leopard
The ‘#23for23’ campaign is an initiative of the Global Snow Leopard and Ecosystem Protection Programme (GSLEP) and the Snow Leopard Trust Worldwide.
Snow Leopard
Scientific name – Panthera uncia
Habitats – The Snow Leopard lives at high altitudes in the steep mountains of Central and Southern Asia, and in an extremely cold climate.
Range states – Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Sikkim .
Ghost of the mountains – The Snow Leopard is also known as Ghost of the mountains
Bio indicator – It acts as an indicator of the health of the mountain ecosystem
Snow Leopard capital of the world – Hemis, Ladakh.
International Snow Leopard Day – It is observed on 23rd October.
Conservation status
IUCN Red List- Vulnerable
CITES convention – Appendix I
Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act 1972– Schedule I
Conservation Efforts Launched by India
Project Snow Leopard (PSL)
Launched in – 2009
Objective – To promote an inclusive and participatory approach to conserve snow leopards and their habitat.
Species recovery programme – Snow Leopard is in the list of 21 critically endangered species for the recovery programme of the Ministry of Environment Forest & Climate Change.
Snow Leopard conservation breeding programme – It is undertaken at Padmaja Naidu Himalayan Zoological Park, Darjeeling, West Bengal.
HimalSanrakshak – It is a community volunteer programme, to protect snow leopards, launched on 23rd October 2020.
First National Protocol – was also launched In 2019.
SECURE Himalaya –Global Environment Facility (GEF) , United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) funded the project on conservation of high altitude biodiversity and reducing the dependency of local communities on the natural ecosystem.
International Conservation Efforts
SNOW LEOPARD ECOSYSTEM PROTECTION PROGRAM – It seeks to address high-mountain development issues using the conservation of the endangered snow leopard as a flagship program.
Bishkek Declaration – In 2013, the 12 snow leopard range countries signed and agreed to secure at least 20 snow leopard landscapes across by 2020
International Year of the Snow Leopard – Year ‘2015’ was designated as International Year of the Snow Leopard
Recent Census –
The exercise reported 718 snow leopards in India
It was conducted from 2019 to 2023.
Conducted by – The program was conducted by the Wildlife Institute of India (WII) with the help of all snow leopard range states and two conservation partners – the Nature Conservation Foundation, Mysuru (Karnataka), and WWF (World Wildlife Fund)-India.
Based on data analysis, the estimated population of 718 snow leopards in different states/UTs are as follows – Ladakh (477), Uttarakhand (124), Himachal Pradesh (51), Arunachal Pradesh (36), Sikkim (21), and J & K (9).
The regional office of the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEF&CC), Bengaluru, has rejected a proposal for diversion of 48.2 ha of forestland for a mining project in Tumakuru district.
The inspection pertained to a proposal seeking clearance for the Sarangapani Iron and Manganese Ore Mine Project.
The mining project is in Thirtharamapura Reserve Forest and is spread across Gollarahalli, Hosahalli, Kodihalli, Tonalapura, and Lakmenahalli villages in Chikkanayakanahalli taluk of Tumakuru district.
The rejection stems from the fact that commercial mining is a prohibited activity within the deemed Eco-Sensitive Zone of Bukkapatna Wildlife Sanctuary.
Additional Information – Bukkapatna Chinkara Wildlife Sanctuary
Location – It is located in the Sira Taluk of the Tumakuru district in Karnataka.
It is a protected area, notified in 2019,
Objective – to conserve the Indian gazelle (Chinkara) and other dryland biodiversity.
Flora and Fauna
The sanctuary is a wooded savannah ecosystem, featuring extensive grasslands and sparsely distributed native tree species.
Key Fauna: The sanctuary is primarily known for its chinkaras, and also features blackbucks, four-horned antelopes, leopards, sloth bears, hyenas, and wild boars. More than 160 bird species have also been recorded.
Key Flora: Notable tree species include Hardwickia binata (Anjan), Phyllanthus emblica (Amla), and Tamarindus indica (Imli).
Two imprisoned journalists Andrzej Poczobut in Belarus and Mzia Amaghlobeli in Georgia—have won the 2025 Sakharov Prize.
Sakharov Prize
Established in – 1988
Named after – Soviet dissident and Nobel Peace laureate Andrei Sakharov.
It is the European Union’s highest human rights award,
Mandate – It honours individuals or groups defending human rights and fundamental freedoms.
Do you know?
● Several Sakharov laureates, including Nelson Mandela, Malala Yousafzai, Denis Mukwege, and Nadia Murad, later went on to win the Nobel Peace Prize.
● Interestingly, Venezuelan opposition leader María Corina Machado, who won the 2025 Nobel Peace Prize earlier this month, received the Sakharov Prize last year.
Government Defends Forest Rights Act in Supreme Court
Syllabus: GS2/ Governance, GS3/ Environment
Context
The Central Government has defended the Forest Rights Act (FRA), 2006, before the Supreme Court.
It emphasizes that the legislation is restoring the dignity, livelihoods, and cultural identity of India’s forest-dependent communities.
Forest Rights Act, 2006
The Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act, 2006, popularly known as the Forest Rights Act (FRA).
It legally recognizes the rights of forest-dwelling Scheduled Tribes and other traditional forest dwellers over forest land and resources they have traditionally used for generations.
Deendayal Antyodaya Yojana – National Rural Livelihood Mission (DAY-NRLM)
Syllabus: GS2/Governance/GS3/Poverty
Context
The Deendayal Antyodaya Yojana – National Rural Livelihood Mission (DAY-NRLM), implemented by the Ministry of Rural Development, is one of the world’s largest poverty alleviation programmes.
Deendayal Antyodaya Yojana
Launch: It was launched in 2010 by restructuring the earlier Swarnajayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana (SGSY), the initiative was renamed in 2016 as Deendayal Antyodaya Yojana – National Rural Livelihood Mission (DAY-NRLM).
Financing – It is a centrally sponsored scheme.
Aim – to reduce rural poverty through self-employment and skilled wage employment.
Women Centric Model: The mission promotes economic independence by linking women to credit, markets, and technology through SHGs and federations.
The UN’s Early Warnings for All (EW4All) Initiative
Syllabus: GS 3/Environment
In News
The World Meteorological Organization (WMO) rallied its 193 Member States to commit to universal early warning coverage by 2027 under the UN’s Early Warnings for All (EW4All) initiative.
Basics – Early Warning System (EWS)
It is an integrated approach that combines hazard monitoring, forecasting, disaster risk assessment, communication, and preparedness to enable timely action for saving lives, livelihoods, and assets at risk.
UN’s Early Warnings for All (EW4All) Initiative
Launched in 2022
Co-led by – WMO, the UN Office for Disaster Risk Reduction (UNDRR), the International Telecommunication Union (ITU), and the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC).
Aim – Its goal is to ensure that every person — regardless of where they live — is protected by life-saving alerts for hazards such as cyclones, floods, heat waves or droughts.
