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Rani Avantibai Lodhi

History

Context

• The Defence Minister of India unveiled the statue of Veerangana Rani Avantibai Lodhi in Lucknow and paid tribute to the legendary freedom fighter. 

Rani Avantibai Lodhi 

• • She was the queen of the Ramgarh princely state in present-day Madhya Pradesh and a prominent woman leader of the Revolt of 1857.
  • Early life: She was born in 1831 in the present-day Seoni district, Madhya Pradesh. She married Vikramaditya Singh, the ruler of Ramgarh.
  • Resistance to British annexation: The British attempted to take control of Ramgarh by placing it under the Court of Wards, disregarding Avantibai’s authority.
  • Role in the Revolt of 1857: She mobilised local rulers, landlords and peasants against British rule and is associated with raising a force of about 4,000 soldiers.
• Martyrdom: In March 1858, when surrounded by British troops, Rani Avantibai Lodhi took her life with her sword rather than surrender.

Districts as Export Hubs

Economy

In News 

• The Government is strengthening its district-led export strategy with the Districts as Export Hubs (DEH) Initiative.

Districts as Export Hubs (DEH) program

• • Launched: August 2019, following the PM’s 2019 Independence Day call to make districts centres of export and trade.
  • Nodal Ministry: Ministry of Commerce & Industry; implemented mainly through DGFT.
  • Objective: Make each district an export hub by identifying products/services with export potential and addressing local export bottlenecks.
  • Focus: MSMEs, farmers, artisans, handicrafts, handlooms and local industries → global markets.

• Institutional mechanism:

1. SEPC: State Export Promotion Committee
2. DEPC: District Export Promotion Committee, generally headed by the District Collector/DM/DC and co-chaired by the DGFT Regional Authority.

• District Export Action Plan (DEAP): Identifies high-potential products/services and tackles infrastructure, logistics, quality, supply-chain and market-access constraints.
• ODOP linkage: The One District One Product (ODOP) initiative has been operationally merged with DEH, creating a stronger district-level export ecosystem.

Additional Information – One District One Product of Karnataka

Universal Vaccine Against pneumonia, meningitis

Health

Context

• Scientists are looking for a universal pneumococcal vaccine that can target all the hundred or so forms of Streptococcus pneumonia bacteria.

Pneumonia

• • It is an acute respiratory infection causing inflammation in lung air sacs (alveoli).
  • Mechanism: Alveoli fill with fluid/pus, restricting oxygen intake.
  • Transmission: Airborne droplets, surface contact, or blood during childbirth.

• Vulnerable groups: Children under 5 and adults over 65.

Causative Agents

1. Bacteria: Streptococcus pneumoniae (most common), Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib).
2. Viruses: RSV, Influenza, Coronaviruses.
3. Fungi: Pneumocystis jirovecii (targets HIV/immunocompromised patients).
4. Atypical: Mycoplasma pneumoniae (causes mild “walking pneumonia”).

India’s Schemes & Initiatives

• PCV Vaccine: Rolled out under the Universal Immunization Programme (UIP). Protects against pneumonia, meningitis, and sepsis.
• SAANS Campaign: Social Awareness and Action to Neutralise Pneumonia Successfully. Drives early identification in under-5 children.
• Integrated Action Plan for Prevention and Control of Pneumonia and Diarrhea –   Integrated strategy targeting India’s two highest under-5 child killers: pneumonia and diarrhea.

Global Frameworks 

• • Global Action Plan for the Prevention and Control of Pneumonia and Diarrhoea (GAPPD) : WHO/UNICEF plan aiming for fewer than 3 child pneumonia deaths per 1,000 live births.
• World Pneumonia Day: Observed every year on November 12.

Police Modernisation Mission (PMM)

Governance

Context

• The Union government told the Supreme Court that it has begun implementing a ₹24,000-crore umbrella scheme called the Police Modernisation Mission (PMM) over the next five years.

About – 

• • Aim: Modernise police forces by improving technology, infrastructure, mobility, communication and operational capabilities.
  • Nodal Ministry: Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA).

• Focus areas:

1. Modern weapons and equipment
2. Police communication & surveillance systems
3. Cybercrime capabilities
4. Police infrastructure and mobility
5. Training and forensic facilities

• Approach: Strengthens State/UT police forces through Central assistance and promotes technology-enabled policing.
• Importance: Improves internal security, crime investigation, emergency response and police efficiency.
• Key linkage: Supports SMART Policing — Sensitive, Modern, Alert, Responsive and Techno-savvy.

Visit of the Prime Minister of Belgium to India

International

Context

• Recently the Belgian Prime Minister visited India, marking the first official visit by a Belgian Prime Minister in two decades. 

India–Belgium Relations

• Diplomatic ties: Established in 1948; 75 years completed in 2023.
• Trade: Major sectors include diamonds, pharmaceuticals, chemicals, machinery and IT.
• Strategic Dialogue: Institutionalised bilateral strategic engagement.
• Defence: Cooperation in maritime security, autonomous systems and counter-drone technology.
• Strategic importance: Belgium is a key gateway to the EU, hosting EU institutions and NATO headquarters.
• Emerging areas: Critical minerals, semiconductors, clean energy and technology.

Strengthening India’s Fight Against Corruption

Polity

Context

• The Central Vigilance Commission (CVC) highlighted delays in the disposal of corruption cases investigated by the Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI), with 7,229 cases under the Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988, pending trial as of December 31, 2025.

The Prevention of Corruption (PC) Act, 1988

• It is a federal law enforced in Karnataka primarily by the Karnataka Lokayukta.

Core Offences & Penalties 

1. Taking Bribes (Section 7): Public servants face 3 to 7 years in prison plus a fine.
2. Giving Bribes (Section 8): Bribe-givers or companies face up to 7 years in prison.
3. Criminal Misconduct (Section 13): Misappropriation of property or illicit enrichment carries 4 to 10 years in prison.

Strict Legal Conditions

• Demand & Acceptance: The Karnataka High Court rules that prosecutors must prove both a demand was made and a bribe was accepted; missing either invalidates the case.
• Prior Sanction (Section 17A): Police cannot investigate a public servant’s official decisions without prior approval from the government.

Key Enforcement Authority

• Karnataka Lokayukta: The state’s independent anti-corruption ombudsman handling traps, raids, and prosecutions.

Additional Information – Central Vigilance Commission (CVC) 

• It is India’s apex statutory body entrusted with ensuring integrity, transparency, and accountability in public administration.
• It was established in 1964 following the recommendations of the Santhanam Committee on Prevention of Corruption.
• The Central Vigilance Commission Act, 2003, provides for the appointment of a Central Vigilance Commissioner and two Vigilance Commissioners. The tenure of the Vigilance Commissioner is of four years or till the incumbent attains the age of 65 years.
• The Central Vigilance Commissioner and the Vigilance Commissioners are appointed by the President of India on the recommendations of a High-Powered Committee (HPC) consisting of the Prime Minister, the Minister of Home Affairs and the Leader of the Opposition in the House of the People (Lok Sabha).

Power and Functions

• The Central Vigilance Commission (CVC) mandated under the CVC Act, 2003 to combat corruption and ensure integrity, transparency, and accountability in public administration. 
• The Commission exercises superintendence over vigilance administrations of Central Government ministries, departments, and organizations.
• The Central Vigilance Commission acts as the apex vigilance institution by supervising and guiding anti-corruption inquiries, including cases referred by the Lokpal and whistleblower complaints under the PIDPI framework.
• It supervises the functioning of the Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) in cases related to offences under the Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988
• It plays a key role in senior appointments by chairing committees that recommend appointments of senior officers in the Directorate of Enforcement and the CBI (SP level and above, excluding the CBI Director).

Tenzing Norgay National Adventure Awards 2024

Miscellaneous

Context (PIB): 

• The Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports announced four recipients of the Tenzing Norgay National Adventure Awards 2024.

About-

• Instituted in 1993
• The award is the nation’s top honor for adventure sports and holds a status equivalent to the Arjuna Awards. 
• It is named after Tenzing Norgay, one of the first two climbers to summit Mount Everest with Edmund Hillary in 1953.
• Categories: Land Adventure, Water Adventure, Air Adventure, and Lifetime Achievement.

2024 Awardees:

• Land Adventure: Baljeet Kaur won as the first Indian to scale five 8,000m peaks in a season; Skalzang Rigzin as the first Indian civilian to summit Everest without supplemental oxygen or Sherpa support.
• Water Adventure: Rimo Saha, for his record in para-swimming and open-water sea competitions.
• Lifetime Achievement: Shiv Prasad Chamoli, for lifelong contributions to winter games and adventure sports administration.

Indus Water Treaty

International Relations

Context

• India has rejected the Permanent Court of Arbitration (PCA), The Hague’s ruling on the Indus Waters Treaty (IWT), asserting that the arbitral body was illegally constituted and lacks jurisdiction over India.

Indus Waters Treaty 

• • Background – In 1947, the partition had cut the Indus river system into two between India and Pakistan.

• Mediated by – The World Bank 

• Signed in – it was signed in 1960 by former PM Jawaharlal Nehru and then President of Pakistan, Ayub Khan.

• Transboundary river – The Indus River is a transboundary river that flows through Pakistan (47%), India (39%), Tibet (8%), and Afghanistan (6%). It is the longest river in Pakistan.
• Note – In India, the Indus basin spreads over J&K, HP, Punjab, Rajasthan, Haryana, and Chandigarh.

Major tributaries of the Indus River are:

Provisions of Indus Water Treaty 

• It allocated the three western rivers (i.e., Indus, Chenab, and Jhelum) to Pakistan for unrestricted use, barring certain non-consumptive, agricultural and domestic uses by India.

• It allocated the three eastern rivers, (i.e., Ravi, Beas and Sutlej) to India for unrestricted usage.
• This meant that 80% of the share of water went to Pakistan, leaving 20% of water for use by India.

Annexure C and D

• Though Pakistan has rights over waters of Jhelum, Chenab and Indus, but:

• Annexure C of the IWT allows India certain agricultural uses

1. Annexure D allows India to build ‘run of the river’ hydropower projects (projects not requiring live storage of water).

Permanent Indus Commission

• • The treaty also required that both countries should establish a Permanent Indus Commission constituted by permanent commissioners of both sides.

• It functions as the first stop for resolution of conflicts.
• It should meet at least once a year.

Ramon Magsaysay Award 2026

Miscellaneous

Context

• Tommy Koh (Singapore), Runa Khan (Bangladesh), and Bo Kyi (Myanmar) have been honoured with the Ramon Magsaysay Award 2026.

Ramon Magsaysay

• • Established: 1958, in memory of Ramon Magsaysay, the 7th President of the Philippines, known for his integrity, courage, and democratic leadership.
  • Instituted by: The Rockefeller Brothers Fund (RBF), in partnership with the Philippine government.
  • Administered by: The Ramon Magsaysay Award Foundation (RMAF), Manila.

• Nature: Recognizes individuals or organizations in Asia who show selfless service and transformative leadership.

• Prestige: Considered Asia’s highest honour, equivalent in stature to the Nobel Prize in Asia.

26th Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) Summit

International

Context

• The 26th Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) Summit has been concluded  in Kyrgyzstan. 

Major Highlights

• • It is being held to mark the 25th anniversary of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation. 

• 2026 theme – ‘25 Years of the SCO: Together Towards Sustainable Peace, Development and Prosperity’.

• • Bishkek Declaration: The summit adopted the historic Bishkek Declaration.

• English has been adopted as an official SCO language. 

• Pakistan will take over the SCO chairmanship from Kyrgyzstan and host the next meeting of the Council of Heads of State in 2027.

Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO)

• Founded in – The SCO is an intergovernmental organization founded in 2001 with six members.
• Objective: To enhance regional cooperation for efforts to curb terrorism, separatism, and extremism in the Central Asian region.
• Members: China, Russia, India, Pakistan, Iran, Belarus and the four Central Asian countries of Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan.
• Secretariat: Beijing
• Official languages: Russian and Chinese
• Observer status: Afghanistan, Belarus and Mongolia
• The SCO has been an observer in the UN General Assembly since 2005. 

Areas of Concern

• Ongoing Border Tensions – Incidents in Doklam (2017), Galwan Valley (2020), and northeastern states (Sikkim, Arunachal Pradesh).

• Belt and Road Initiative (BRI): India has expressed reservations about China’s Belt and Road Initiative, especially regarding the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC), which passes through the territory of India.

Article 142 of the Constitution

Polity and Governance

Context

• The Supreme Court of India took a rare and extraordinary step under Article 142 to quash FIRs registered against Gen Z NEET-UG protesters.

Article 142 of the Constitution

• Article 142 is a special rule in the Indian Constitution that gives the Supreme Court of India extraordinary power to do “complete justice.”

Landmark judgments under Article 142

• Ayodhya Case (2019): The Supreme Court directed the Union government to establish a trust for the construction of the Ram Temple and awarded the disputed 2.77-acre site for the temple. 
• Bhopal Gas Tragedy Case (1991): The Supreme Court ordered Union Carbide Corporation (UCC) to pay $470 million in compensation for the victims of the tragedy.
• Highway Liquor Case (2016): The Supreme Court restricted the sale of liquor within 500 metres of national and state highways to curb accidents caused by drunk driving. 
• Chandigarh Mayor Election Case (2024): The Supreme Court invoked Article 142 to declare AAP candidate Kuldeep Kumar as the winner, after finding that the presiding officer had deliberately invalidated eight ballots.

India is Reviving Sandalwood Cultivation

Environment

In News

• India is witnessing a renewed push to revive sandalwood (Santalum album) cultivation, with the Union Budget 2026-27 highlighting its cultural and economic importance.

Revival plan of sandlewood

• Objective: To restore the “glory of the Indian sandalwood ecosystem” by focusing on large-scale cultivation and addressing supply shortages.
• Current Supply Crisis: Karnataka Soaps and Detergents Ltd. (KSDL) requires 7,000–8,000 tonnes of sandalwood annually, but domestic production currently meets only 30% of this demand.
• Import Paradox: To cover the shortfall, Karnataka currently imports sandalwood oil from Australia. Ironically, Australia is producing this oil from native Indian sandalwood species they began cultivating 25 years ago.

Additional Information –  Indian Sandalwood (Santalum album)

• • Known as “Liquid Gold” or Chandan, this is one of India’s most valuable commercial crops. 
  • Forest Type: It is primarily found in Tropical Deciduous Forests (Monsoon Forests).
  • Biological Nature: It is a hemi-parasite (partial root parasite), meaning it derives some nutrients from the roots of host plants.
  • Distribution: Found mainly in the Western Ghats, Deccan Plateau, and states like Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, and Kerala.

• Conservation Status: Classified as Vulnerable on the IUCN Red List.

• Key Threats: Sandalwood Spike Disease (SSD), caused by phytoplasmas, is a major threat with no known cure.

Coast Guard Global Summit (CGGS)

Polity

Context (PIB): 

• India will host the 5th Coast Guard Global Summit (CGGS) in New Delhi in February 2027.

• The summit will coincide with the golden jubilee marking 50 years of the Indian Coast Guard (ICG).

Coast Guard Global Summit (CGGS)

• Established: 2017 by Japan Coast Guard & Nippon Foundation.
• Frequency: Biennial.
• Focus: Maritime safety, search & rescue, marine pollution and combating transnational crimes.

Indian Coast Guard (ICG)

• Ministry: Ministry of Defence.
• Established: 1978 under the Coast Guard Act, 1978.
• Background: Recommended by Nag Committee (1970) and Rustamji Committee (1974).
• Head: Director General, headquartered in New Delhi.
• Jurisdiction: Territorial waters, Contiguous Zone and EEZ (~2.01 million sq km).
• Mandate – It is Responsible for maritime law enforcement, search & rescue, pollution control and coastal security.

One Day, One University

Polity

Context (TH): 

• The Union Cabinet has proposed a nationwide initiative called “One Day, One University”, after a period of heightened student mobilisation over NEET paper leak issue, including protests in Delhi.

One Day, One University 

• Initiative of: UGC.
• Aim: Promote academic collaboration and knowledge sharing among universities.
• Concept: Each participating university gets a dedicated day to showcase its achievements, research, innovations, best practices and programmes.
• Focus: Strengthening industry–academia linkages, research collaboration and institutional networking.
• Significance: Supports the goals of NEP 2020 by encouraging collaboration, innovation and internationalisation in higher education.

U.S. Sanctions International Criminal Court (ICC)

International

News – 

• The United States sanctioned ICC President Tomoko Akane and senior prosecutor Abdoulaye Seye over investigations targeting officials from non-member nations.

International Criminal Court – ICC

• Founded by – The ICC was established by the Rome Statute.
• Founded in – It was founded in 1998 and it began sittings on July 1, 2002, after 60 countries had ratified the Rome Statute.
• Headquarters – The Hague, Netherlands. 
• Functions – The ICC is the first and only permanent international court with jurisdiction to prosecute individuals for the international crimes of genocide, crimes against humanity, war crimes and the crime of aggression. 
• Principle of complementarity – It is intended to complement existing national judicial systems and it may therefore exercise its jurisdiction only when national courts are unwilling or unable to prosecute criminals. 

Enforcement Challenges:

• • Lacks universal territorial jurisdiction – The ICC may only investigate and prosecute crimes committed within member states.
  • The ICC does not have its own police force and relies on state cooperation for arrests and extraditions.

• Non-member states have no obligation to cooperate (e.g., Israel, the US, Russia, China, and India).

Difference between International Criminal Court (ICC) and International Court of Justice (ICJ)  – 

Madan Lal Dhingra

History & Culture

News – 

• India observed the martyrdom anniversary of Madan Lal Dhingra on August 17.

Madan Lal Dhingra

• Born: 1883, Amritsar; Indian revolutionary associated with the India House in London.
• Influenced by: V.D. Savarkar and the revolutionary nationalist movement.
• Key Event: Assassinated Sir William Hutt Curzon Wyllie in London in 1909.
• Trial: Refused to seek mercy and defended his action as an act of patriotism.
• Death: Executed on 17 August 1909 at Pentonville Prison, London.
• Significance: Became a symbol of revolutionary nationalism and resistance to British rule.

Voyager Missions

Science & technology

News- 

• NASA engineers have successfully implemented a new power-saving upgrade on Voyager 2, extending the spacecraft’s science mission by at least another year.

Voyager Missions 

• Launched: 1977 by NASA – Voyager 1 & Voyager 2.
• Purpose: Explore the outer planets and later interstellar space.
• Major achievements:
  • Voyager 1: Jupiter, Saturn; first human-made object to enter interstellar space (2012).
  • Voyager 2: Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus & Neptune – only spacecraft to fly past both Uranus and Neptune.
• Golden Record: Both carry the Golden Record containing sounds/images representing Earth and humanity.
• Power: Radioisotope Thermoelectric Generators (RTGs).
• Significance: Among the most distant and long-operating spacecraft ever built.

SASCI Scheme 

Government Scheme

News – 

• The Ministry of Tourism issued operational guidelines and a detailed project report (DPR) template under the SASCI-Development of Iconic Tourist Centers to Global Scale scheme.

SASCI Scheme

• SASCI = Special Assistance to States for Capital Investment

• Launched: 2022–23 by the Ministry of Finance.
• Aim: Encourage capital investment by providing long-term financial assistance to States.
• Nature: 100% interest-free loans to States, generally repayable over 50 years.
• Purpose: Create quality infrastructure, boost economic growth and generate employment.

• Focus: Transport, water supply, health, education, tourism, urban infrastructure and other capital projects.
• Significance: Promotes State-level capital expenditure and supports India’s infrastructure-led growth.

5 Years of e-Shram Portal

Economy

News 

• The e-Shram Portal completed five years, marking a significant milestone in strengthening social security for India’s unorganised workforce.

e-Shram Portal 

• Launched: 2021 by Ministry of Labour & Employment; developed by NIC.
• Purpose: First Aadhaar-seeded National Database of Unorganised Workers (NDUW).
• UAN: Provides a unique 12-digit Universal Account Number.
• Coverage: Construction, migrant, gig/platform, domestic, agricultural workers, street vendors, etc.
• Eligibility: 16+ years, unorganised-sector workers; generally excludes income-tax payers and EPFO/ESIC members.
• Objectives:
  • Convergence of social-security schemes.
  • Portability of welfare benefits, especially for migrant workers.
  • Data-driven policymaking and better delivery of services.
  • Support during emergencies/disasters.

UN Initiative to Protect Victims of Terrorism from Online Harm

International

News- 

• A new victim-led initiative to protect victims of terrorist attacks from online harm and re-traumatisation by the Victims of Terrorism Associations Network (VoTAN).
• It was launched on the International Day of Remembrance of and Tribute to the Victims of Terrorism.

VoTAN 

• VoTAN: Victims of Terrorism Associations Network.
• Established: 2025 by the UN Counter-Terrorism Office (UNOCT).
• Aim: Promote collective action for the rights and needs of victims and survivors of terrorism.
• New initiative: Victim-led effort to protect survivors from online harm, fake/misleading content, misuse of stories and re-traumatisation.
• International Day: 21 August – International Day of Remembrance and Tribute to the Victims of Terrorism.
• Established by: UN General Assembly in 2017.
• Significance: Strengthens a victim-centric approach to counter-terrorism and digital safety.

GENESIS EIR 3.0

Science & Technology

Context (PIB): 

• The Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY) launched the third cohort of the GENESIS Entrepreneur-in-Residence (EIR) programme.

GENESIS EIR 3.0

• Scheme: Part of GENESIS (Gen-Next Support for Innovative Startups) under MeitY.
• Aim: Accelerate early-stage tech startups, especially in Tier-II & Tier-III cities.
• Nodal Agency: MeitY Startup Hub (MSH).
• Eligibility: Indian citizens with TRL 1–4 innovations; startups <2 years old with prior funding below ₹10 lakh.
• Support: Grants up to ₹10 lakh, incubation, mentorship, prototyping, industry linkages and IP/patent support.
• Focus: AI, IoT, semiconductors, cybersecurity, blockchain, quantum computing & AR.

COP17 of UNCCD

Environment

Context: 

• The 17th Conference of the Parties (COP17) to the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD) is being held in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia.

• Theme: “Restoring Land. Restoring Hope.” aligns with the UN International Year of Rangelands and Pastoralists (IYRP 2026).

Key Outcomes of COP17 of the UNCCD

• Drought Resilience: Launched a new global architecture, including the Drought Resilience Investment Facility (DRIF) and the first Drought Resilience Index (DRI).
• Rangelands: Launched the Rangelands Flagship Initiative, mobilising about US$1.2 billion across 45 projects to support rangeland restoration and pastoralist livelihoods.
• Steppe Action Agenda: Promotes nature-based infrastructure, sustainable rangeland management and the land–water nexus.
• Finance: More than US$1.3 billion was pledged across 23 countries for land restoration and drought resilience.
• Restoration Flagships: Three new World Restoration Flagships were recognised in Brazil, the Sahel and Saudi Arabia.
• Pastoralists: Global Pastoralist Declaration highlighted land-tenure rights and protection of pastoralist livelihoods.
• Future COP: Egypt will host COP18 in 2028

Additional information – United Nations Convention to combat Desertification (UNCCD)

• Established in – 1994  

• Objective – To combat desertification and It is the sole legally binding international agreement linking environment to sustainable land management.

• Significance – To maintain and restore the land and soil reproductively. 

• June 17 – It is observed as the World Day to Combat Desertification and Drought (WDCDD).

• UNCCD COP16 (2024, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia): $12 billion was pledged for land restoration; India showcased the Aravalli Green Wall initiative.
• Theme (2026): ‘Restoring Land, Restoring Hope’.

Ervebo Ebola Vaccine

Science & technology

Context (IT): 

• Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) is receiving 70,000 doses of the Ervebo Ebola vaccine amid a rapidly worsening Ebola outbreak.
• Ervebo (rVSV-ZEBOV) is a single-dose vaccine used to protect against Ebola virus disease (EVD). It is a live, replication-competent recombinant viral vector vaccine.

Ebola virus disease (EVD)

• It is formerly known as Ebola haemorrhagic fever. It is a rare but severe, often fatal illness in humans.
• First found in –  Guinea in December 2013..
• Transmission – The virus is transmitted to people from wild animals and spreads in the human population(Zoonotic nature).
• Host –  fruit bats of the Pteropodidae family are natural Ebola virus hosts.
• Symptoms – Fever, fatigue, muscle, pain, headache, sore throat.

vomiting, diarrhoea, rash, symptoms of impaired kidney and liver function.

• Treatment – The Ervebo vaccine has been shown to be effective in protecting people from the species Zaire ebolavirus. Remdesivir was also tested as an Ebola treatment

Global Digital Capacity Building Alliance (GBDCA)

Science & technology