The term “ecocide” has gained renewed attention amid allegations of large-scale environmental destruction during recent conflicts, including the wars in Gaza, Lebanon, and Iran.
Ecocide
Ecocide refers to severe, widespread, or long-term destruction of the environment caused by human actions.
The term was coined in 1970 by Arthur W. Galston.
Note – Vietnam became the first country to criminalise ecocide domestically in 1990.
Connect with the basics – International Laws on Environment
Climate Change & Ozone
UNFCCC (1992): The foundational framework aiming to stabilize greenhouse gas emissions.
Kyoto Protocol (1997): Set legally binding emission reduction targets for developed countries and established flexible market mechanisms (CDM, Emissions Trading).
Paris Agreement (2015): A legally binding treaty adopted at COP21 aiming to limit global warming to well below 2°C (striving for 1.5°C) using Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs).
Montreal Protocol (1987): A highly successful, legally binding treaty phased out ozone-depleting substances (ODSs). [Recent] Its Kigali Amendment (2016) mandates the phased reduction of hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs).
Biodiversity & Wildlife
Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD): Targets the conservation of biological diversity, sustainable use of its components, and fair sharing of benefits. Includes the Cartagena Protocol (biosafety) and the Nagoya Protocol (access and benefit-sharing).
CITES (1973): Controls international trade of endangered flora and fauna to ensure survival.
Ramsar Convention (1971): Focuses on the conservation and wise use of internationally significant wetlands.
Hazardous Wastes & Chemicals
Basel Convention (1989): Controls the transboundary movement of hazardous wastes and their disposal.
Rotterdam Convention (1998): Promotes shared responsibility and cooperative efforts in the international trade of certain hazardous chemicals.
Stockholm Convention (2001): Aims to eliminate or restrict the production and use of Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs).
World Migration Report 2026
Syllabus: GS2/ Indian Diaspora
Context
The International Organization for Migration released the World Migration Report 2026.
Key Findings of the Report
International migrants accounted for 7% of the global population in 2024, compared to 2.9% in 1990.
The largest migration corridor globally remains Mexico–United States Corridor with nearly 11 million migrants.
Other major corridors include: Afghanistan–Iran Corridor, Syria–Türkiye Corridor and Russia–Ukraine Corridor.
Additional Information – The International Organization for Migration (IOM)
It is the principal UN agency for migration.
Established in – 1951
Headquarter – Geneva, Switzerland.
Objective – It promotes humane, orderly migration and provides humanitarian assistance to migrants, refugees, and internally displaced persons.
India has been an official member state of the IOM since 2008
India to host 1st IBCA Summit
Syllabus: GS3/Environment
In News
The Union Minister for Environment, Forest and Climate Change launched the website and logo for the 1st International Big Cat Alliance (IBCA) Summit 2026, in New Delhi.
International Big Cat Alliance (IBCA)
Headquarters – India,
Objective – It is a multi-country, multi-agency coalition of 95 big cat range countries with an interest in big cat conservation.
Genesis: IBCA was launched by the Prime Minister of India in 2023 during the event ‘Commemorating 50 years of Project Tiger’.
Aim:Conserving seven big cats – Tiger, Lion, Leopard, Snow Leopard, Cheetah, Jaguar, and Puma.
Members: Nicaragua, Eswatini, India, Somalia and Liberia have signed the Framework Agreement to formally become members of the IBCA.
Samagra Shiksha Teachers
Syllabus: GS2/Government Initiatives
Context
Delhi Government has approved a substantial increase in the salaries of vocational teachers and those working under the Samagra Shiksha Abhiyan.
Samagra Shiksha Scheme
Launched in – 2018-19
Financing – Centrally Sponsored Scheme
Subsumed erstwhile Centrally Sponsored Schemes:
Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan (SSA)
Rashtriya Madhyamik Shiksha Abhiyan (RMSA) and
Teacher Education (TE)
Objectives:
To implement SDG 4, Right to Education and New Education Policy.
to treat school education holistically from pre-school to Class 12
Coverage: 1.16 million schools, over 156 million students and 5.7 million Teachers of Govt. and Aided schools.
Mizoram Ginger Mission
Syllabus: GS3/Economy
In News
The Union Minister for Development of North Eastern Region (MDoNER) launched the Mizoram Ginger Mission.
Mizoram Ginger Mission
It is a Ginger Cultivation & Value Chain Development for the State of Mizoram.
This mission is a key component of the broader “Brand North East” vision, which assigns specific USPs to states, such as Sikkim (Organic State), Arunachal Pradesh (Kiwi), Tripura (Queen Pineapple), Nagaland (Coffee), and Meghalaya (Lakadong Turmeric).
Objective – to improve farmer incomes by reducing price gaps, minimising post-harvest losses, and promoting better use of GI-certified ginger through coordinated efforts among multiple ministries.
Mizoram is known for its Geographical Indication (GI)- certified ginger varieties.
Additional Information – Ginger
It is one of the oldest known spices, and is esteemed for its aroma and pungency. It originated in South – East Asia
Climatic & Soil Requirements
Climate: Warm and humid tropical climate.
Temperature: Performs best in temperatures ranging between 19 – 28 degree celsius.
Rainfall: Requires moderate to high rainfall of about 150 to 250cm every year. It does not tolerate frost or prolonged waterlogging.
Soil: Loose, fertile, well-drained sandy loam or clay loam rich in organic matter.
Global Standing: India is the largest producer of ginger in the world. Major producing states include Kerala, Odisha, Meghalaya, West Bengal, and Arunachal Pradesh.
The National Testing Agency (NTA) stated that the 2026 NEET examination had been “compromised” and announced that a re-test would be conducted for the National Eligibility cum Entrance Test (NEET).
NEET paves the way for admission to medical colleges.
Radhakrishnan Panel
Following the NEET-UG 2024 controversy, the Ministry of Education formed a high-level committee headed by former ISRO chairman K. Radhakrishnan.
National Testing Agency (NTA)
Established: In 2017.
It is an autonomous body of the Department of Higher Education of the Ministry of Education of India.
NTA conducts major entrance examinations such as the
Joint Entrance Examination (JEE) Main for engineering;
National Eligibility Cum Entrance Test-Undergraduate (NEET-UG) for medicine;
Common University Entrance Test (CUET) for general Undergraduate and Postgraduate programmes in central universities.
It also conducts recruitment exams for several government agencies including National Highway Authority of India (NHAI), Delhi High Court, Employment Provident Fund Organisation (EPFO) and for several posts in central government universities.
Public Examination (Prevention of Unfair Means ) Act, 2024
It was passed in 2024 and is aimed at curbing leaks, malpractices in recruitment examinations like UPSC, SSC etc and entrance tests such as NEET, JEE, and CUET.
The Act broadly defines “unfair means” to include various malpractices, such as:
Leaking question papers or answer keys,
Assisting candidates during exams (unauthorized communication, providing solutions),
Tampering with computer networks or resources,
Impersonating candidates,
Conducting fake examinations or issuing fake documents,
Tampering with documents for merit lists or ranks.
Penalties and Punishments:
Individuals:
Imprisonment ranges from 3 to 10 years depending on the offense’s severity.
Fines up to Rs. 1 crore for organized crimes.
Service providers:
Fines up to Rs. 1 crore for involvement in malpractices.
Barring from conducting public examinations for 4 years.
Personal liability for directors/management involved.
Organized crimes:
Harsher penalties, with imprisonment between 5 and 10 years and a minimum fine of Rs. 1 crore
The institution involved can face property attachment and forfeiture
Investigation:
All offences under the Act are cognisable, non-bailable, and non-compoundable.
An officer not below the rank Deputy Superintendent or Assistant Commissioner of Police will investigate the offences under the Act.
The Central Government may transfer the investigation to any Central Investigating Agency.
Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI)
Syllabus: GS2/Polity and Governance
Context
The Appointments Committee of the Cabinet (ACC) has approved a one-year extension in the tenure of Praveen Sood as Director of the Central Bureau of Investigation.
Central Bureau of Investigation
Set up in – It was set up in 1963 by a resolution of the Ministry of Home Affairs.
Established under – It comes under the administrative control of the Department of Personnel and Training (DoPT) of the Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions.
Recommended by – It was established on the recommendation of the Santhanam Committee.
Legal status – The CBI is not a statutory body. It derives its powers from the Delhi Special Police Establishment (DSPE) Act, 1946.
Functions
The CBI is the main investigating agency of the Central Government.
It also provides assistance to the Central Vigilance Commission and Lokpal.
It is also the nodal police agency in India which coordinates investigations on behalf of Interpol Member countries.
Revving up Immune Cells Might Help Fight HIV: Study
Syllabus: GS2/Health
Context
Scientists are tweaking a powerful cancer therapy in hopes it could fight HIV instead, by supercharging patients’ own immune cells.
Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)
Pathogen – It is a chronic, potentially life-threatening health condition caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) which damages the human immune system.
Transmission: Through direct contact with certain body fluids (blood, semen, rectal fluid, vaginal fluid or breast milk) from a person infected with HIV.
Symptoms:
Stage 1: Flu-like illness (Fever, chills, rashes, night sweats)
Stage 2: Clinical latency (No particular symptoms)
Stage 3: AIDS (Weakening of Immune System)
Prevention: Prevention is better than cure, using protective techniques, non-contaminated needles & preventing mother to child transmission.
Treatment: There is no cure for HIV infection. It is treated with antiretroviral drugs, which stop the virus from replicating in the body. Untreated HIV can progress to AIDS, often after many years.
Steps taken by Government of India
National AIDS Control Programme (NACP) (Central Sector Scheme)
India has achieved the 6th MDG of halting and reversing the HIV epidemic.
Prevention from Parent to Child Transmission (PPTCT) programme
HIV/AIDS Act 2017 (Prohibits discrimination against HIV-infected people on any grounds)
90:90:90 strategy as adopted by UNAIDS (90% (diagnosed, treatment (by anti-retroviral treatment (ART)) & suppression)) by 2020. Extended by 10 years with the goal post of 95-95-95.
Project ACCELERATE (John Hopkin & NACO initiative): To provide HIV Services through Safe Zindagi online portal.
Mission Sampark: Its purpose was to “bring back” people living with HIV (PLHIV) who had stopped antiretroviral therapy (ART).
Alzheimer’s Disease
Syllabus: GS2/Health
In News
Eli Lilly and Company has launched a new Alzheimer’s treatment in India called Lormalzi, marking one of the first disease-modifying therapies for the condition in the country.
Lormalzi Drug – It is a monoclonal antibody, is given as a once-a-month infusion and works by removing amyloid-beta plaques in the brain, which are linked to Alzheimer’s progression.
Alzheimer’s Disease
It is the most common form of dementia, a brain disorder that slowly destroys a person’s memory and thinking skills.
It is characterized by a loss of cognitive functioning — thinking, remembering, and reasoning — and behavioral abilities to such an extent that it interferes with a person’s daily life and activities.
Eventually, people with Alzheimer’s lose the ability to perform simple daily tasks, such as eating or walking.
Drugs like lecanemab and aducanumab exist globally, benefits are modest and come with complexity, high cost, and safety concerns.
Tatya Tope
Syllabus: GS1/ Modern History
Context
A rare handwritten and signed letter of Tatya Tope dating back to 1857 has been discovered in the archives of Madhya Pradesh.
Tatya Tope
Early Life: Tatya Tope, originally named Ramachandra Pandurang Tope, was born in 1814 in Nashik, Maharashtra.
His father served as a noble in the court of Baji Rao II, the last Maratha Peshwa.
He shared a close association with Nana Sahib, the adopted son of Baji Rao II, which later shaped his role in the revolt.
Role in the Revolt of 1857: He emerged as one of the most capable military commanders during the Revolt of 1857.
He played a key role in major centres of resistance such as Kanpur and Gwalior.
He worked closely with leaders like Rani Lakshmibai, helping sustain the rebellion against British forces.
Military Tactics: He was known for his effective use of guerrilla warfare, rapid mobility, and surprise attacks.
He was eventually captured by the British and executed in Shivpuri in 1859 after a formal trial.
Sikkim Becomes India’s First Paperless Judiciary State
Syllabus: GS2/Judiciary
Context
The Chief Justice of India, Surya Kant, declared Sikkim as the first paperless judiciary state in India.
About –
Significance – This initiative drastically reduces dependence on physical files, minimizes logistical delays, ensures transparency, and aids in reducing case pendency.
Technology Integration: The system includes e-filing, digital case management, and virtual hearings, aligning with the broader e-Courts Mission Mode Project and the Digital India vision.
Relevance to Hilly Terrain: Digitalization facilitates easier access to justice for litigants and lawyers, overcoming geographical barriers in the region.
Centre Eyes New E-bus Scheme
Syllabus: GS3/Environment
Context
The Centre may roll out a fresh electric bus scheme for States after completing the tendering and allocation of all 14,000 buses under the PM E-DRIVE programme.
PM E-DRIVE Scheme
Objective – To set up charging infrastructure and development of EV manufacturing ecosystem in India.
Duration – The scheme shall be implemented from October 1, 2024 to March 31, 2026.
e-Vouchers: Ministry of Heavy Industries is introducing e-vouchers for EV buyers to avail demand incentives under the scheme.
Charging Stations: The scheme addresses range anxiety of EV buyers by promoting in a big way the installation of electric vehicle public charging stations (EVPCS).
Additional Information
India’s Electric Vehicle Policy – To achieve the ambitious target of having EV sales penetration of 30% of private cars, 70% of commercial cars, 40% of buses and 80% of two and three-wheelers by 2030.
National Electric Mobility Mission Plan (NEMMP): The NEMMP was launched in 2013 with the goal of achieving national fuel security by promoting hybrid and electric vehicles.
FAME India Scheme: The Faster Adoption and Manufacture of Electric Vehicles (FAME) India scheme was launched in 2015 to promote the manufacturing and adoption of EVs.
Sacred Groves in India
Syllabus: GS3/ Environment
Context
The Kerala State Biodiversity Board has launched a pilot programme to restore sacred groves.
Sacred Groves
Sacred groves are patches of forest or natural vegetation protected by local communities due to religious beliefs and traditional practices.
They function as community-conserved ecosystems, often associated with temples, rituals, and indigenous traditions.
India has an estimated 100,000–150,000 sacred groves, reflecting their widespread cultural and ecological significance.
Suitable groves may be notified as Biodiversity Heritage Sites under the Biological Diversity Act, 2002.
Significance
Sacred groves act as biodiversity hotspots, preserving rare, endemic, and medicinal plant species.
They contribute to soil conservation and prevent erosion, especially in fragile ecosystems like the Western Ghats and Himalayas.
Culturally, they are centres of rituals, festivals, and community identity, reinforcing conservation through belief systems.
Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Amendment Act, 2026
Syllabus: GS2/ Polity & Governance
Context
Recently, the Supreme Court of India flagged the critical issues like Self-identification vs State verification and Welfare targeting vs individual dignity in Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Amendment Act, 2026.
Background: Legal Evolution of Transgender Rights in India
NALSA Judgment, 2014: It recognised transgender persons as the ‘third gender’, and affirmed right to self-identification without medical intervention.
It established self-determination as a core constitutional value.
It is linked gender identity to Article 21 (Right to Life and Dignity).
Transgender Persons Act, 2019: It defines transgender persons, mandates the right to self-perceived identity, prohibits discrimination in employment and education, and establishes the right to reside in the household.
It introduced certification by District Magistrate.
Amendment Act, 2026: It mandates medical board certification before legal recognition; removes explicit recognition of self-perceived identity; and introduces stricter definitions and penal provisions.
Key Issues Raised in the Supreme Court
Self-Identification vs Medical Gatekeeping: Violates bodily autonomy and dignity (Art. 21), and creates ‘medical gatekeeping’ by the State. Clinical validation undermines identity autonomy.
Fear of Misuse vs Rights Protection: Court flagged risk of ‘masquerading’ to access reservations/welfare.
However, misuse probability is negligible, and concerns of misuse are often overstated compared to systemic exclusion.
Impact on NALSA Principles: Amendment in 2026 dilutes self-identification doctrine, and reintroduces biological essentialism.
It acts as a ‘regressive shift from rights-based to regulatory framework’.
Healthcare and Transition Rights: It alleged that ongoing gender-affirming treatments will be disrupted.
Access to healthcare is already limited and stigmatized in India.
Classification and Stigma: Inclusion of victims of coercion alongside transgender persons leads to arbitrary and stigmatizing classification (Art. 14 violation).
Ru-Soam Bridges
Syllabus: GS1/ Culture; GS3/ Environment
Context
UNESCO has partnered with the Government of Sikkim to document indigenous Ru-Soam (cane bridge) engineering practices.
The project is being implemented in the Khangchendzonga Biosphere Reserve with support from Airbnb.
About Ru-Soam Bridges
Ru-Soam are traditional cane bridges built by the Lepcha community.
These bridges are constructed using locally available natural materials such as bamboo, cane, and wood.
They demonstrate a high level of ecological understanding and structural resilience suited to mountainous terrain.
The bridges proved their resilience during the Sikkim Glacial Lake Outburst Flood 2023.
Tanzania
Syllabus: GS1/Geography
In News
Recently, the 5th session of the India–Tanzania Joint Trade Committee (JTC), held in Dar es Salaam in Tanzania.
Tanzania
It is an East African country located just south of the Equator.
The capital is Dodoma, and Dar es Salaam is the largest city and main port.
tanzania
Bordering countries – It is bordered by Uganda, Kenya, and Lake Victoria to the north; the Indian Ocean to the east; Mozambique, Malawi, Zambia, and Lake Nyasa to the south; and Rwanda, Burundi, and Lake Tanganyika to the west.
Geographical features: Mount Kilimanjaro Located in Tanzania,
Mount Kilimanjaro is the African continent’s highest peak
Tanzania also includes a portion of Lake Victoria, the largest lake in Africa and a source of the Nile River.
Rivers – Great Ruaha, Rufiji, and Kagera rivers
Lake Tanganyika, forms the boundary between Tanzania and the Democratic Republic of the Congo.
Rashtriya Bal Swasthya Karyakram (RBSK) 2.0 Guidelines
Syllabus: GS2/Governance
In News
The Ministry of Health and Family Welfare released the Rashtriya Bal Swasthya Karyakram (RBSK) 2.0 Guidelines at the recently concluded National Summit on Good Practices and Innovations in Public Healthcare Service Delivery.
Rashtriya Bal Swasthya Karyakram (RBSK)
It is a national initiative launched under the National Health Mission (NHM).
Implementation – Ministry of Health and Family Welfare.
Objective – It focuses on early identification and intervention for children from birth to 18 years to manage conditions like birth defects, deficiencies, diseases, and developmental delays.
Target Beneficiaries – The programme splits children into age-appropriate cohorts for structured tracking:
0 to 6 weeks: Newborns screened at delivery points and through home visits by ASHAs.
6 weeks to 6 years: Pre-school children monitored at local Anganwadi centres.
6 years to 18 years: Students enrolled in government and government-aided schools.
The “4Ds” Strategy – RBSK systematically screens and provides free treatment for 30 to 32 selected health conditions grouped under four major categories:
Defects at Birth: Down syndrome, congenital cataract, cleft lip/palate, club foot, and congenital heart diseases.
Deficiencies: Anaemia, Vitamin A or D deficiency, severe acute malnutrition (SAM), and goitre.
Diseases of Childhood: Skin conditions, otitis media, rheumatic heart disease, and reactive airway disease.
Three passengers on a cruise ship in the Atlantic Ocean have died after a suspected hantavirus outbreak, according to the World Health Organization (WHO).
Hantavirus
Responsible Pathogen – It is a rare but severe zoonotic disease, meaning it spreads from animals to humans. It belongs to the Hantaviridae family and is an RNA virus.
Vector – The virus is primarily spread by rodents such as mice and rats.
It spreads through inhalation of airborne particles from infected rodent urine or droppings, or by touching contaminated surfaces.
Human-to-human transmission is generally rare.
Symptoms – The disease usually begins with flu-like symptoms such as fever and fatigue within one to eight weeks after exposure.
In severe cases, it can lead to Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome, which may cause respiratory distress and can be fatal.
Treatment – There are no specific drugs to treat the disease, so treatment focuses on supportive care, including putting patients on ventilators in severe cases.
Statewide respiratory health surveillance program for traffic police
News –
The Karnataka Home Department launched a first-of-its-kind Statewide respiratory health surveillance program for traffic police and frontline personnel.
This expansion follows a rigorous two-year screening project in Bengaluru involving 3,287 traffic police, which identified significant risk factors associated with constant urban air pollution exposure.
Implementation Agency: The government has officially partnered with the Vaayu Respiratory Foundation as the primary technical agency to drive the programme.
The Government of India has appointed Lieutenant General NS Raja Subramani as the new Chief of Defence Staff (CDS).
He will also function as the Secretary, Department of Military Affairs (DMA).
Chief of Defence Staff (CDS)
The post of CDS was created in 2019 following recommendations of the Kargil Review Committee and subsequent defence reforms.
The first CDS of India was General Bipin Rawat.
Role and Responsibilities of the CDS:
Principal Adviser: Acts as the primary military adviser to the Defence Minister on all tri-services matters.
Department of Military Affairs: Functions as the Secretary to the Government of India for the Department of Military Affairs.
Military Reform: Focuses on enhancing synergy, jointness in operations, and modernization of the armed forces.
Theater Commands: Drives the restructuring of military commands into integrated theater commands.
Strategic and Nuclear Role: Serves as an important military adviser to the Nuclear Command Authority.
Sardar Vallabhai Patel
Syllabus: GS1/History
In News
Recently, the Prime Minister paid tribute to Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel at Somnath Temple during the 75th anniversary celebrations of the temple’s reconstruction.
Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel
Born on – October 31, 1875,
India’s first Deputy Prime Minister and Home Minister.
He is widely regarded as the architect of India’s national integration and a key force behind the establishment of modern civil services
He was posthumously honoured with the Bharat Ratna, the highest civilian award in the country in 1991.
Contributions in India’s Freedom Struggle
Kheda Satyagraha, 1917: As a prominent local leader in the Kheda district of Gujarat, Patel supported Mahatma Gandhi in organising the Satyagraha against unjust land revenue taxes imposed by the British.
Non-Cooperation Movement, 1920-22: Patel significantly impacted the Non-Cooperation Movement, recruiting approximately 300,000 members and raising 1.5 million rupees.
Bardoli Satyagraha, 1928: During the Bardoli Satyagraha, Patel supported the local population suffering from famine and increased land taxes.
Civil Disobedience Movement 1930-34: He actively participated in the Salt Satyagraha, a nonviolent protest against the British salt monopoly.
Quit India Movement, 1942: He organised protests and strikes against British rule, and delivered compelling and electrifying speeches throughout India, inspiring and mobilising people to join mass protests, engage in acts of civil disobedience, boycott tax payments, and stage civil service shutdowns.
Do you know?
● Since 2014, Rashtriya Ekta Diwas, also known as National Unity Day, has been celebrated every year on October 31 to commemorate the birth anniversary of Sardar Patel.
● The Statue of Unity, the world’s tallest statue, was unveiled on 31 October 2018 at Kevadia in Gujarat on the 143rd birth anniversary of Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel.
● Civil Services Day is observed on 21 April to mark Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel’s address to the first batch of civil servants of Independent India in 1947.
Speedy Trial a ‘Human Right’
Syllabus: GS2/ Polity and Governance
Context
The Supreme Court of India, while hearing a criminal case pending for nearly 35 years in Uttar Pradesh, declared that the right to speedy trial is not only a constitutional guarantee under Article 21 but also a human right.
Article 21 of the Constitution
Article 21 guarantees the protection of life and personal liberty except according to procedure established by law.
Judicial interpretation has expanded Article 21 to include fair trial, legal aid, humane prison conditions, and speedy justice.
Judicial Evolution
Hussainara Khatoon v. State of Bihar: The Supreme Court first recognised speedy trial as a fundamental right under Article 21. The case highlighted the plight of undertrial prisoners languishing in jails for years.
A.R. Antulay v. R.S. Nayak: The Court laid down principles to determine violation of the right to speedy trial. It clarified that delays caused by systemic inadequacies also violate constitutional rights.
PCOS Renamed as PMOS
Syllabus: GS2/ Health
Context
A global medical consensus has renamed Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) as Polyendocrine Metabolic Ovarian Syndrome (PMOS) after nearly 14 years of scientific consultations involving doctors, researchers, and patient advocacy groups across the world.
PMOS
PMOS, earlier known as PCOS, is a complex hormonal and metabolic disorder affecting women of reproductive age.
It impacts the endocrine system, metabolism, reproductive health, and mental well-being.
The disorder affects nearly one in eight women globally and is among the leading causes of infertility and menstrual irregularities.
Symptoms of PMOS:
Risk of Diabetes: Insulin resistance can lead to Type-2 diabetes mellitus.
Cardiovascular Risks: Women with PMOS are more vulnerable to hypertension and heart diseases.
Fertility Challenges: The disorder affects ovulation and reproductive health.
Mental Health Concerns: Long-term stress, body image issues, and hormonal imbalance may contribute to psychological disorders.
Why Was PCOS Renamed?
The earlier name Polycystic Ovary Syndrome was considered scientifically inaccurate and misleading, as many women diagnosed with the condition do not actually develop ovarian cysts.
The earlier term primarily associated the disorder with reproductive organs, whereas the condition also significantly affects metabolism, hormones, cardiovascular health, and mental health.
Pradhan Mantri Schools for Rising India (PM SHRI)
Syllabus: GS2/Governance
Context
The Union Ministry of Education has issued a fresh reminder regarding the pending implementation of the Pradhan Mantri Schools for Rising India (PM SHRI) scheme to West Bengal, Kerala and Tamil Nadu.
PM SHRI Schools
Abbreviation – PM Schools for Rising India(PM SHRI)
Nodal Ministry – Ministry of Education
Type – Centrally Sponsored Scheme
Aim –To upgrade and develop more than 14,500 Schools across the country by strengthening the selected existing schools from amongst schools managed by Central Government/ State/ UT Government/ local bodies.
Features – PM-SHRI schools will have a modern, transformational and holistic method of imparting education.
The focus of these schools will be on modern infrastructure including latest technology, smart classrooms, sports and more.
They will also be developed as “green schools” with water conservation, waste recycling, energy-efficient infrastructure and integration of an organic lifestyle in the curriculum.
Hence, these schools will showcase all components of the National Education Policy 2020 and act as exemplar schools and also offer mentorship to other schools in their vicinity.
Study on Malaria Vaccine
Syllabus: GS2/Health
In News
A major study published in the Lancet found that the world’s first approved malaria vaccine, RTS,S/AS01E, reduced overall child deaths by 13% in parts of Africa.
Additional Information – Malaria
Responsible pathogen – Malaria is an acute febrile illness caused by Plasmodium parasites.
Vector – It spreads from people to people through the bites of infected female Anopheles mosquitoes. It is preventable and curable.
Transmission – Malaria is not contagious and cannot spread from one person to another; the disease is transmitted through the bites of female Anopheles mosquitoes.
Five species of parasites can cause malaria in humans and 2 of these species – Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax – pose the greatest threat.
Symptoms
Infants, children under 5 years, pregnant women, travelers and people with HIV or AIDS are at higher risk. Severe symptoms include:
extreme tiredness and fatigue
impaired consciousness
multiple convulsions
difficulty breathing
dark or bloody urine
jaundice (yellowing of the eyes and skin)
abnormal bleeding.
Initiatives to Control Malaria by WHO
WHO’s Global technical strategy for malaria 2016–2030 – It aims to reduce malaria case incidence and mortality rates by at least 40% by 2020, at least 75% by 2025 and at least 90% by 2030 against a 2015 baseline.
‘E-2025 Initiative’: The WHO has identified 25 countries with the potential to eradicate malaria by 2025 under the initiative.
High Burden to High Impact (HBHI) initiative: WHO has initiated the initiative in 11 high malaria burden countries, including India.
Indian Government Initiatives to Control Malaria
National target – The Government of India set a target to eliminate malaria in India by 2027.
National Framework for Malaria Elimination (NFME) – It has been developed and launched in 2016 aligned with the Global Technical Strategy (GTS) for malaria elimination 2016-2030.
Malaria Elimination Research Alliance-India (MERA-India): It was established by the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) as a conglomeration of partners working on malaria control.
National Florence Nightingale Awards 2026
Syllabus: Miscellaneous
Context
President Droupadi Murmu conferred the National Florence Nightingale Awards 2026 to nurses at a function held at Rashtrapati Bhavan.
National Florence Nightingale Awards
Named after Florence Nightingale, the founder of modern nursing.
It was instituted in 1973 by the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India.
It recognizes meritorious services of nurses and nursing professionals who contribute significantly to society.
Each award consists of a Certificate of Merit, Cash Award of Rs.1,00,000/- and a medal.
Integrated Public Grievance Redressal System for gig workers
News –
Karnataka government became the first state in India to launch and operationalize a dedicated digital grievance redressal system for platform-based gig workers.
Basic term –
A gig worker is an individual who performs short-term, project-based, or on-demand tasks as an independent contractor rather than a traditional full-time employee.
Integrated Public Grievance Redressal System for gig workers
Eligible Issues – Account deactivation, payment withholding, and penalties.
Company Timeline: Platforms must rule on disputes within 45 days.
Additional Information – Karnataka Platform-Based Gig Workers (Social Security and Welfare) Act, 2025
Mandate – to provide legal recognition and social protection to approximately 400,000 gig workers.
Key Features
Welfare Board & Fund: Establishes a tripartite Gig Workers Welfare Board headquartered in Bengaluru to oversee registrations and schemes.
It also creates a dedicated Welfare Fund financed by a “welfare fee” of 1% to 5% of the payout per transaction, levied on aggregator platforms.
Registration: All gig workers must be registered and assigned a Unique ID applicable across all platforms to access benefits.
Algorithmic Transparency: Platforms are required to disclose details about their automated monitoring and decision-making systems (algorithms) in simple language to ensure fairness in task allocation and earnings.
Grievance Redressal: A two-tier mechanism is mandated: first through an Internal Dispute Resolution Committee (IDRC) at the platform level, followed by an appeal to the Welfare Board.
Termination Protections: Platforms cannot deactivate or terminate a worker without providing a valid written reason and a 14-day prior notice (except in cases of bodily harm).
The appeal of Prime Minister Modi to reduce the consumption of imported goods has reignited the debate on whether India should reduce consumption to save forex or strengthen production and productivity to sustain long-term economic growth.
Foreign Exchange Reserves
Foreign exchange reserves refer to foreign currency assets held by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI).
These reserves mainly consist of foreign currencies such as the US dollar, gold reserves, Special Drawing Rights (SDRs), and reserve positions in the International Monetary Fund (IMF).
Significance: Foreign exchange reserves are essential because they help India finance imports, stabilise the rupee, maintain investor confidence, and meet external payment obligations during periods of economic stress.
Why Does India Need Strong Forex Reserves?
Dependence on Imports: India depends heavily on imports for crude oil, fertilisers, edible oils, gold, electronics, and industrial machinery.
Hence India requires adequate forex reserves to ensure uninterrupted trade and economic stability.
Protection from External Shocks: Strong forex reserves help protect the economy during periods of global financial instability, rising oil prices, currency volatility and sudden capital outflows.
Countries with weak forex reserves often face balance of payments crises and severe currency depreciation.
Additional Information – Balance of Payments (BoP)
The Balance of Payments (BoP) is a record of all economic transactions between India and the rest of the world during a particular period.
Components of BoP:
Current Account: It includes trade in goods and services, remittances, and income transfers. India generally imports more goods than it exports, which results in a Current Account Deficit (CAD).
Capital Account: It includes foreign investments such as Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), Foreign Portfolio Investment (FPI), and external borrowings.
India has traditionally financed its current account deficit through capital inflows from foreign investors.
National Jute Board
Syllabus: GS3/Economy and Agriculture
Context
The National Jute Board has been implementing the Jute Crop Information System project since 2023 in collaboration with the Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) and the Jute Corporation of India.
Jute Crop Information System project
Aim: To monitor jute cultivation using remote sensing and field data.
As part of this initiative, two key tools have been developed:
BHUVAN JUMP – A mo bile app for on-field jute monitoring, and
PATSAN (Prospective Assessment of Jute Using Mobile App-Based Field Observations) – a web-based platform that provides near-real-time jute surveillance and analytics to support informed decision-making by officials and stakeholders.
Jute Production In India
It is also called the golden fibre, in view of being a natural, renewable, biodegradable and eco-friendly product.
India is the largest producer of jute followed by Bangladesh and China.
West Bengal, Bihar and Assam account for almost 99% of India’s total production.
Conditions Required for Jute Production
Temperature: A mean maximum and minimum temperature of 34°C and 15°C and a mean relative humidity of 65% are required.
Rainfall: Around 150-250 cm.
Soil: Jute can be raised on all kinds of soils from clay to sandy loam, but loamy alluvial soils are best suited.
Baiga Tribe
Syllabus: GS1/Tribal Groups
Context
Children belonging to the Baiga tribe rescued from bonded labour in Chhattisgarh.
Baiga Tribe
Found in – The Baiga are an ethnic group found in central India primarily in the state of Madhya Pradesh, and in smaller numbers in the surrounding states of Uttar Pradesh, Chhattisgarh and Jharkhand.
The name Baiga means “sorcerer- medicine man”.
The Baigas in Chhattisgarh are classified as Particularly vulnerable tribal group(PVTG) by the Government due to their declining population and low level of literacy.
They traditionally practiced shifting cultivation, locally called “Bewar” cultivation.
Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTGs)
PVTGs are the most marginalized and extreme backward sections among Scheduled Tribes (STs).
The criteria for identifying Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups are:
Pre-agricultural level of technology,
Low level of literacy,
Economic backwardness,
A declining or stagnant population.
History of PVTGs: Dhebar commission (1960-61) identified that there is inequality among tribal communities in terms of socio-economic development.
In 1975, acting on the Dhebar Commission report, the government identified Primitive Tribal Groups (PTGs) as a separate category and listed 52 tribal groups as PTGs.
As per 2001 census, there are 75 Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTGs) with a total population of 27,68,322, living in 18 States and Union Territory.
In 2006, PTGs were renamed as Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTGs).
Recent Government Initiatives
The PM-PVTG Development Mission program – The programme envisions connecting all 22,544 PVTG villages to basic government services like communications, electricity, public education, healthcare, water supply, and connectivity.
Pradhan Mantri-Janjati Adivasi Nyaya Maha Abhiyan – It will focus on 11 critical interventions like Provision of pucca houses, Connecting roads, Piped Water Supply, Community water supply, Mobile Medical Units with medicine cost, etc.
National Technology Day
Syllabus: GS3/ Science and Technology
Context
National Technology Day is observed annually on 11 May.
National Technology Day
The day commemorates the successful nuclear tests conducted by India at Pokhran in Rajasthan in 1998 under Operation Shakti.
The day recognizes the contribution of Indian scientists, engineers, and technological institutions to national development and strategic capability.
‘One Case One Data’ and ‘Su Sahay initiative
Syllabus: GS2/Governance
In News
Recently, the Supreme Court launched ‘One Case One Data’ and ‘Su Sahay initiative.
One Case One Data initiative
It is a major digital initiative to connect all levels of courts — from taluka and district courts to High Courts and the Supreme Court through a unified database system.
It aims to improve case management by creating a comprehensive and interconnected digital judicial information system.
‘Su Sahay’ Chatbot
It is an Artificial Intelligence (AI)-powered assistance chatbot .
It is integrated with the Supreme Court website to facilitate easier access to justice and court-related services for litigants.
It has been developed by the National Informatics Centre in collaboration with the Supreme Court Registry
National Panchayat Awards 2025
Syllabus: GS2/Governance
In News
Kawrthah North Village Council in Mizoram has secured the top rank at the national level under the “Clean and Green Panchayat” category of the Deen Dayal Upadhyay Panchayat Satat Vikas Puraskar 2025, for its work in sustainable rural development and environmental conservation.
National Panchayat Awards
Conferred by –Ministry of Panchayati Raj
It is annually conferred to recognize and incentivise best-performing Panchayats and promote inclusive, participatory, and sustainable development in rural India.
Winning Panchayats receive financial incentives ranging from Rs. 50 lakh to Rs. 5 crore per awardee, depending on tier and category.
Categories
Deen Dayal Upadhyay Panchayat Satat Vikas Puraskar awards – It recognises outstanding Gram Panchayats for their performance across themes linked to Sustainable Development Goals, including poverty-free livelihoods, health, water sufficiency, sanitation, women-friendly governance and social justice.
Nanaji Deshmukh Sarvottam Panchayat Satat Vikas Puraskar, awards – It will be given to the best-performing Panchayats at the district, block and gram levels.
Latest winners
Karnataka has secured the highest number of awards with six Panchayats being selected, followed by Andhra Pradesh and Odisha with five awards each.
SEHAT Mission
Syllabus: GS2/Governance; GS3/Economy
In News
Union Minister for Health and Family Welfare, and Chemicals and Fertilisers launched the ‘SEHAT Mission’ in Delhi,
SEHAT (Science Excellence for Health through Agricultural Transformation)
It is a national mission aimed at linking agriculture, nutrition, and public health by converting agricultural innovations into better health outcomes for people in India.
It is a joint initiative of the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) and the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR).
Objective – It aims to improve nutrition and public health through biofortified foods, integrated farming, better occupational health for farm workers, and support for the One Health Mission.
Significance – to address nutrition, preventive healthcare, non-communicable diseases, farmer welfare, and public health challenges.
It is also known as the Greater Bengaluru Innovation and Tech City (GBIT).
It is an upcoming Rs 18,133-crore futuristic “work-live-play” metropolis.
Located in the Bidadi region about 30 km from central Bengaluru,
Area – the project spans approximately 7,481 acres across nine villages.
Significance – to serve as Bengaluru’s second Central Business District (CBD) to alleviate urban congestion.
Key details of the project include:
India’s First AI City: Dedicated space—roughly 2,000 acres—is earmarked to house AI-driven industries, tech hubs, and next-generation innovation centers.
Design & Concept: Built on the “work-live-play” model, the smart-green city will feature residential zones, world-class medical and educational hubs,commercial spaces, and interconnected blue-green infrastructure (restored lakes and parks).
Connectivity: The township features a “zero-traffic” layout integrated with high-speed transit. It will be directly connected to major highways like the Bengaluru-Mysuru Expressway, NICE Road, and the Satellite Town Ring Road (STRR), with planned extensions for metro and suburban rai
Compensation: Land acquisition spans villages including Byaramangala, Bannigiri, Hosuru, and Vaderahall
Landowners are provided a choice between direct cash compensation or 9,693 sq. ft. of developed residential plot per acre acquired.
The Ministry of Health and Family Welfare launched JANANI (Journey of Antenatal, Natal and Neonatal Integrated Care) at the recently concluded National Summit on Innovation and Inclusivity.
JANANI Platform
It is a service-oriented digital platform designed to comprehensively monitor and maintain digital health records of women during their reproductive age.
It is developed as an upgraded version of the existing Reproductive and Child Health (RCH) portal.
It is a digital maternal and child health platform that introduces QR-enabled digital Mother and Child Health (MCH) Cards for easy and portable access to health records.
It supports real-time monitoring through high-risk pregnancy alerts, supervisory dashboards, and due-list generation for timely interventions.
It integrates with national systems such as U-WIN and POSHAN to enable seamless data sharing and coordinated beneficiary tracking.
Atomic Energy Regulatory Board (AERB)
Science and Technology
Context
The Atomic Energy Regulatory Board (AERB) has issued permission for “major equipment erection” at Kudankulam Nuclear Power Project (KKNPP) Units 5 and 6.
Atomic Energy Regulatory Board (AERB)
It is India’s premier regulatory body responsible for ensuring the safe use of nuclear energy and ionising radiation.
Established on 15 November 1983.
It derives its authority from the Atomic Energy Act, 1962 and the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986.
Leadership & StructureCurrent Chairman: Shri A.K. Balasubrahmanian.
Headquarters: Mumbai, Maharashtra.
Composition: The board consists of a full-time Chairman, an ex-officio Member (Executive Director), and four part-time eminent experts
Key Functions & Responsibilities
Safety Regulation: Developing safety codes, guides, and standards for nuclear and radiation facilities across their lifecycle (siting to decommissioning).
Licensing: Granting mandatory consents and licenses for Nuclear Power Plants, fuel cycle facilities, and industrial/medical radiation applications.
Inspections: Conducting regulatory inspections to ensure compliance with safety requirements and license conditions.
Industrial Safety: Administering the Factories Act, 1948 for industrial safety in units under the Department of Atomic Energy (DAE).Public Awareness
Vadinar Ship Repair Facility
Syllabus: GS2/ Health
In News
The Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs (CCEA) approved the development of a ship repair facility at Vadinar, Gujarat, at a combined investment of ₹1,570 crore.
Vadinar Ship Repair Facility
Vadinar is on the western coast of Gujarat, in the Gulf of Kutch.
It sits close to Kandla (Deendayal Port) and Mundra, two of India’s busiest cargo ports and is well-positioned relative to major shipping lanes in the Arabian Sea.
