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  • Second official language status to Tulu

    Second official language status to Tulu

    News – 

    • In March 2026, a high-level committee officially recommended that the Karnataka government grant Tulu the status of the state’s second official language. 
    • This move is a major step toward fulfilling a decades-old demand from the Tulu-speaking population, primarily concentrated in the coastal districts of Dakshina Kannada and Udupi. 

    Key Developments in the Recognition Process

    • Committee Recommendation: A six-member panel led by K.M. Gayatri, former Director of the Kannada and Culture Department, submitted its report to the Secretary of the Kannada and Culture Department on March 4, 2026.
    • Adoption of the Andhra Pradesh Model: The committee specifically studied the administrative and legal framework used by Andhra Pradesh to grant Urdu second official language status to ensure a smooth implementation for Tulu.
    • Constitutional Basis: The state aims to accord this status under Article 345 of the Constitution of India, which allows state legislatures to adopt one or more languages for official purposes. 

    Significance and Impact

    • The move aims to protect the linguistic heritage of Tulu, which has a documented history of over 2,500–3,000 years and its own distinct script.

    Official status would: 

    • Improve Administrative Access: Facilitate the use of Tulu in government offices, public interfaces, and education within the coastal regions.
    • Boost Cultural Preservation: Provide more institutional support for Tulu literature, research, and development.
    • Support Federal Demands: Strengthen the long-standing push to include Tulu in the Eighth Schedule of the Indian Constitution. 

    Affected Regions

    • The recognition is most significant for the “Tulu Nadu” region, which includes:
    • Dakshina Kannada District (Karnataka)
    • Udupi District (Karnataka)
    • Kasaragod District (Northern Kerala—where Tulu is also widely spoken)
  • Iranian Kurds | Raisina Dialogue 2026 | Gravity Bomb | India’s 7th National Report to the Convention on Biological Diversity | Karnataka & Andhra to Ban Social Media Use by Children | IISc launches “Moonshot” Project on Brain Co-processors

    Iranian Kurds

    International

    Context

    • S. President Donald Trump encouraged Iranian Kurdish forces to launch attacks against Iran as conflict in West Asia widened.

    Kurds

    • Kurdish people are an ethnic minority group in the Middle East without an independent state.
    • The population ranges between 25 million and 45 million worldwide, with most living in the mountainous region across parts of western Iran, eastern Turkey, northern Iraq and Syria, and Armenia.
    • They speak various Kurdish dialects, not related to Turkish or Arabic; and are mostly Sunni Muslims.
    • Turkey has the largest population of approximately 15 to 20 million people while Iran has 8-12 million Kurds.
    • Concerns of Kurds: They were promised a nation post-WWI, but never granted.
    • They faced rebellions, state suppression of language and culture.
    • Kurdistan Regional Government: Following years of conflict and the 1991 Gulf War, the Kurds established the Kurdistan Regional Government (K.R.G.) in Iraq, which is now a constitutionally recognised autonomous region.

    Raisina Dialogue 2026

    International

    Context

    • PM Modi attended the inaugural session of the Raisina Dialogue 2026 in New Delhi.
    • The theme for 2026 edition is “Samskara: Assertion, Accommodation, Advancement.”

    Raisina Dialogue

    • The Raisina Dialogue is India’s premier conference on geopolitics and geoeconomics committed to addressing the most challenging issues facing the global community.
    • It brings together global leaders, policymakers, diplomats, scholars, and strategic experts to discuss major international challenges.
    • The first session was held in 2016.
    • It is hosted by the Delhi-based Observer Research Foundation, in collaboration with the External affairs ministry of India.

    Gravity Bomb

    Science and Tech

    Context

    • US Secretary of War, Pete Hegseth announced that the US would be shifting to ‘gravity bombs’, marking a major tactical pivot in the ongoing campaign against Iran.

    Gravity Bomb

    • A gravity bomb (or free-fall bomb) is an unpowered munition dropped from an aircraft.
    • Unlike cruise missiles such as the Tomahawk cruise missile, it has no engine and falls toward the target under gravity, guided by the aircraft’s speed and altitude.
    • Modernisation: Many gravity bombs are fitted with Joint Direct Attack Munition (JDAM) kits, which use GPS and steerable fins to convert them into precision-guided munitions.
    • Key Feature: Gravity bombs are relatively cheap but require aircraft to fly close to targets, making them effective mainly when air superiority is achieved.

    India’s 7th National Report to the Convention on Biological Diversity

    Environment

    Context

    • India has submitted its 7th National Report to the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), assessing national progress toward biodiversity targets for 2030.
    • The report evaluates India’s performance against 23 National Biodiversity Targets (NBTs) aligned with the Kunming–Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework (KMGBF).

    Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD)

    • Origin: The Convention was opened for signature in 1992 at the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (Rio Earth Summit).
    • The Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) entered into force on 29 December 1993.
    • The first session of the COP was scheduled in 1994 in the Bahamas.
    • Secretariat: Montreal, Canada.
    • Ratification: The CBD has been ratified by 196 nations, making it one of the most widely adopted international treaties.
    • Note – The United States is the only UN member state that has not ratified the convention.

    It has 3 main objectives;

    1. The conservation of biological diversity
    2. The sustainable use of the components of biological diversity
    3. The fair and equitable sharing of the benefits arising out of the utilization of genetic resources.
    • The governing body is the Conference of the Parties (COP), which meets every two years.
    • The Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety and the Nagoya Protocol on Access and Benefit-Sharing are supplementary agreements to the CBD.

    Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework

    • The Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework was concluded at COP15 of the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), held in Montreal, Canada, in 2022.
    • It features 23 targets to be met by 2030 and four global goals for 2050 to preserve biodiversity for current and future generations.
    • The agreement is not binding on members.

    Karnataka & Andhra to Ban Social Media Use by Children

    Syllabus: GS2/Governance

    Context

    • Karnataka has announced a ban on social media use by children under 16 in its latest Budget, and Andhra Pradesh is moving to introduce a measure that would prohibit those under 13 to use such service.
    • Objective – to restrict social media access for minors to combat digital addiction and safeguard mental health.

    State-Wise Proposed Restrictions

    • Karnataka: The proposal aims to ban social media for children under 16 years of age.
    • Andhra Pradesh – to prohibit social media for children under 13 years of age,

    Key Objectives and Context

    • Health and Safety: The primary drivers are rising concerns over digital addiction, cyberbullying, and declining academic performance.
    • Global Precedents: These moves follow international trends, such as Australia’s world-first nationwide ban for under-16s enacted in late 2025.
    • Support Measures: Karnataka has paired its proposal with the “Mobile Bidi, Pustaka Hidi” (Leave the phone, pick a book) campaign and plans to deploy mental health counselors in educational centers.

    Additional Information – ‘Mobile Bidi Pustaka Hidi’ (Drop the Mobile, Pick up a Book)

    • It is a statewide campaign launched by the Government of Karnataka in February 2026
    • Objective – to combat mobile phone addiction and revive reading habits among schoolchildren.

    Key Details of the Campaign

    • Primary Objective: To reduce excessive screen time for children under 16 and encourage them to cultivate a love for physical books and libraries.
    • Target Audience: Approximately 50 lakh students across government, aided, and private schools in Karnataka.
    • Implementation: Overseen by the Department of School Education and Literacy (DSEL) and the Department of State Education Research and Training (DSERT).

    IISc launches “Moonshot” Project on Brain Co-processors

    Syllabus: GS3/ Science and Technology

    Context

    • The Indian Institute of Science (IISc) launched a moonshot project to develop brain co-processors that combine neuromorphic hardware and AI algorithms to enhance or restore brain function.

    Brain Co-Processors

    • Brain co-processors are advanced devices designed to interact directly with the human brain.
    • They decode neural signals, process them using AI algorithms, and re-encode them back into the brain through neural stimulation or neurofeedback.
    • They enable cognitive and motor rehabilitation, particularly for stroke survivors who lose sensorimotor abilities such as reaching and grasping objects.
  • Two integrated solid waste management parks in Bengaluru

    Two integrated solid waste management parks in Bengaluru

    News – 

    • Bengaluru Solid Waste Management Limited (BSWML) has officially identified over 100 acres of land on the city’s outskirts to establish two integrated solid waste management (ISWM) parks. 
    • These facilities are designed to scientifically process the approximately 6,000 metric tonnes of municipal waste the city generates daily. 

    Facility Locations & Specifications

    • The two parks are strategically located in the North and South corridors to streamline waste logistics: 
    • Gollahalli (Bengaluru South): Planned on government-owned land. Earlier reports indicated a processing capacity of approximately 2,999 tonnes per day (TPD).
    • Doddabelavangala (Doddaballapur/North): Earmarked near the Terra Farm area in Gundalahalli village. This facility is expected to handle approximately 3,073 TPD. 

    Key Project Details

    • Land Acquisition: For the Doddabelavangala site, 70 acres of private land are being acquired, with farmers set to receive compensation of ₹1.57 crore per acre.
    • Operational Model: The projects are being executed under a Public-Private Partnership (PPP) model. 
    • Supporting Infrastructure: To support these mega-plants, BSWML is constructing 30 modern transfer stations across the city to replace roadside waste loading.
    • Waste-to-Resource Focus: The parks will use various technologies to convert organic waste into biogas, compost, and power, while dry waste will be processed for Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF)
  • International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) | Project HANUMAN | Sungudi Saris

    International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)

    International

    News

    • The Director General of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA has said that there has been no evidence of Iran building a nuclear bomb.

    International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)

    • It was established in 1957 as the world’s “Atoms for Peace” organisation within the UN.
    • It serves as the UN’s nuclear watchdog, promoting peaceful atomic energy use while verifying safeguards against proliferation.
    • Headquartered in Vienna, the body got the 2005 Nobel Peace Prize for non-proliferation efforts.
    • The IAEA has 178 member states, India being one of the founding members of it.

    Project HANUMAN

    Environment

    News

    • Project HANUMAN is a new initiative by the Andhra Pradesh government to mitigate human-wildlife conflicts through advanced rescue, monitoring, and community protection measures.

    Project HANUMAN

    • Acronym – Healing and Nurturing Units for Monitoring, Aid and Nursing of Wildlife.
    • Objective – It targets forest-fringe areas prone to incidents like elephant raids and snake bites, promoting coexistence via scientific tools and local involvement.

    Key Features

    • 100 GPS-enabled vehicles, 93 rapid response units and 7 wildlife ambulances for quick rescues and aid.
    • Four rescue centers in Visakhapatnam, Rajamahendravaram, Tirupati, and Birlut (or Byrluti).
    • ‘Vajra’ volunteer teams at village level for minor incidents like snake rescues.
    • AI systems for tracking animal movements and early warnings to settlements.
    • HANUMAN app for reporting conflicts and coordination.
    • Enhanced compensation like ₹10 lakh for human deaths, ₹2 lakh for injuries, market value for livestock.

    Sungudi Saris

    Art and Culture

    News

    • Sungudi sarees are gaining popularity among consumers looking for distinctive and eco-friendly fashion.

    Sungudi saris

    • Sungudi saris are traditional cotton saris which are Perfected by the Saurashtrian community, who migrated from Gujarat to Madurai (Tamil Nadu) in the 17th century.
    • It features intricate tie-and-dye patterns inspired by the night sky.
    • It is hand-knotted, dyed, washed, starched, and sun-dried, often revealing over 15,000 delicate white dots.
    • The process takes more than 15 days, producing breathable, culturally rich garments prized across generations.
    • The Madurai Sungudi sari received the Geographical Indication (GI) tag in December 2005.
  • HPV vaccination drive to prevent cervical cancer

    HPV vaccination drive to prevent cervical cancer

    News – 

    • The Karnataka government, in alignment with a nationwide initiative, officially launched a major Human Papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination drive on February 28, 2026, to prevent cervical cancer among adolescent girls. 

     Key Details of the Vaccination Drive

    • Target Group: The campaign primarily targets girls who have completed 14 years of age but are below 15 years.
    • Scale of the Initiative: Approximately 6 lakh girls in Karnataka have been identified as eligible beneficiaries, contributing to a national target of nearly 1.15 crore girls.
    • Vaccine Type & Dosage: The drive uses the quadrivalent Gardasil-4 vaccine, which protects against four common HPV strains (6, 11, 16, and 18). Under the current national guidelines, it is administered as a single-dose intramuscular injection.
    • Cost: The vaccine is provided free of cost at government health facilities.
    • Duration: The initial intensive campaign is set for three months (90 days) in mission mode, after which the vaccine will be integrated into routine immunization days
  • Golestan Palace | High Chances of El Niño After July: WMO | United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) | India renews Bilateral Swap Arrangement with Japan

    Golestan Palace

    Art & Culture

    In News

    • Tehran’s Golestan Palace, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, sustained damage from shockwaves and debris caused by US-Israel airstrikes.

    Golestan Palace

    • It is a historic royal complex that served as the official residence of the Qajar dynasty and is one of the oldest historic monuments in Tehran.
    • The origins of the complex date back to the Safavid Dynasty, when Tehran first gained importance as a political centre. Later rulers expanded and renovated the palace complex.
    • Golestan Palace reflects a blend of traditional Persian architecture and Western influences introduced during the 19th century.
    • Inscribed by UNESCO in 2013, it preserves cultural archives, early Iranian photography, and sites of historic coronations.

    Important Structures within the Complex

    • Shams-ol-Emareh (Edifice of the Sun): One of the most famous buildings in the palace complex.
    • It was built in the 1860s by Naser al-Din Shah Qajar.
    • Marble Throne Hall (Takht-e-Marmar): Used for royal coronations and official ceremonies.
    • Mirror Hall: Famous for extensive mirror mosaics and luxurious decoration.
    • Museum Buildings: The complex houses several museums displaying Qajar-era paintings & royal gifts and artefacts.

    High Chances of El Niño After July: WMO

    Geography

    In News

    • The World Meteorological Organization forecasts a high likelihood of El Niño developing in the latter half of 2026, following the fading of the current La Niña into ENSO-neutral conditions.
    • El Nino and La Nina are complex weather patterns resulting from variations in ocean temperatures in the Equatorial Pacific Region.

    Difference between El Niño and La Niña

    Feature

    El Niño (Warm Phase)

    La Niña (Cold Phase)

    Meaning

    Spanish for “Little Boy”

    Spanish for “Little Girl”

    Ocean Temp.

    Abnormal warming of eastern Pacific

    Abnormal cooling of eastern Pacific

    Trade Winds

    Weaken or reverse direction

    Become unusually strong

    Indian Monsoon

    Weakens monsoon; often leads to droughts

    Strengthens monsoon; brings heavy rainfall

    Winter in India

    Generally warmer/milder winters

    Severely cold winters in North India

    Frequency

    Occurs every 2–7 years; lasts 9–12 months

    Occurs every 2–7 years; can last 1–3 years

    United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS)

    International Relations

    Context

    • The Iranian frigate IRIS Dena was reportedly sunk off the south-western coast of Sri Lanka after a torpedo strike by a United States Navy submarine.

    United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS)

    • It is a comprehensive international treaty that establishes the legal framework for governance of oceans and seas.
    • Adopted in 1982 at Montego Bay, Jamaica and entered into force in 1994.

    It defines:

    1. Maritime boundaries of coastal states
    2. Rights and duties of states in maritime zones
    3. Rules for navigation, resource exploitation, and environmental protection
    4. Because of its extensive scope, it is commonly referred to as the “Constitution of the Oceans.”
    • Membership: 168 parties, including the European Union.
    • Countries such as India, Japan, and China are parties.
    • Note – The United States has signed but not ratified the convention.

    Maritime Zones under UNCLOS

    • UNCLOS divides the oceans into several legal zones, each with different rights and responsibilities.
    • Territorial Sea: Extends up to 12 nautical miles from a coastal state’s baseline. The coastal state has full sovereignty over these waters. Foreign ships enjoy the right of innocent passage.
    • Contiguous Zone: Extends 12–24 nautical miles from the baseline. Coastal states can enforce laws relating to Customs, immigration, sanitation & security.
    • Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ): Extends up to 200 nautical miles. The coastal state has exclusive rights over natural resources. However, other states retain freedom of navigation and overflight.
    • High Seas (International Waters): Areas beyond the EEZ of any state. No country has sovereignty over them. Governed by international law and UNCLOS principles.

    India renews Bilateral Swap Arrangement with Japan

    International Relations

    In News

    • India has renewed its Bilateral Swap Arrangement (BSA) with Japan with effect from 28th February, 2026.

    Basic terms -Currency swap

    • It is a financial agreement where two parties exchange the principal and interest of a loan in one currency for the equivalent in another.
    • These are typically medium- to long-term contracts used by multinational corporations and central banks to manage risks or reduce borrowing costs.

    Additional Information – India & Japan relations

    Defence and Security

    • Military Exercises: Malabar, Dharma Guardian, and JIMEX exercises enhance interoperability and Indo-Pacific security.
    • Trade: Bilateral trade reached approximately $23 billion in 2023-24.
    • FDI: Japan is India’s fifth-largest source of FDI
    • Bullet Train: The Mumbai-Ahmedabad High Speed Rail exemplifies flagship India-Japan transport cooperation.
    • Energy: Clean Energy Partnership (2022) expands hydrogen, renewables, and climate cooperation.
    • Quad: Quad coordination ensures Indo-Pacific stability through collective maritime commitments.
    • SCRI: Supply Chain Resilience Initiative (SCRI) reduces dependency on China for the supply of critical goods.
    • F orums: India and Japan cooperate in G20, International Solar Alliance (ISA), CDRI, and IPEF, strengthening multilateral governance.
    • Space: ISRO–JAXA LUPEX mission exemplifies frontier collaboration in space exploration.
  • Karnataka launches State Action Plan on snakebite and rabies

    Karnataka launches State Action Plan on snakebite and rabies

    News – 

    • Karnataka has launched the State Action Plan for Prevention and Control of Snakebite Envenoming (SAPSE) and the State Action Plan for Rabies Elimination (SAPRE). 
      • It is the first state in India to implement a comprehensive action plan specifically for snakebites, aiming to drastically reduce fatalities. 
    • Both plans aim for zero rabies deaths and reduced snakebite incidents by 2030. 

    Key Aspects of the Action Plans

    SAPSE (Snakebite Action Plan):

      • Notifiable Disease: Snakebite cases are now notifiable in Karnataka, ensuring mandatory reporting.
    • Treatment: Ensures availability of anti-snake venom (ASV) and free, immediate, no-advance-payment treatment at all health facilities.
    • Measures: Focuses on strengthening surveillance, training medical staff, and strengthening public awareness.

    SAPRE (Rabies Action Plan):

    • Target: Eliminate dog-mediated human rabies by 2030.
      • Rabies-Free Cities: Initiating the “Rabies-Free Cities” project in 11 major urban centres focusing on mass dog vaccinations and population management.
    • Health Initiatives: Free anti-rabies vaccines and immunoglobulin are provided at government hospitals.
    • Notifiable Disease: Rabies was declared a notifiable disease in 2022 to strengthen surveillance.
    • Significance – These initiatives are guided by a “One Health” approach, integrating human health, animal health, and environmental departments.
  • Bureau of Energy Efficiency Commemorates 25th Foundation Day | Rice fortification Scheme Suspended | World Obesity Atlas 2026

    Bureau of Energy Efficiency Commemorates 25th Foundation Day

    Environment

    Context

    • The 25th Foundation Day of the Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE) was celebrated at the India Habitat Centre.

    Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE)

    • It is an Indian statutory body under the Ministry of Power.
    • Established in 2002 under the Energy Conservation Act, 2001,
    • Objective – to reduce the energy intensity of the Indian economy through market-driven initiatives and self-regulation.

    Major Programs & Initiatives

    • Standards & Labelling (S&L) Scheme: Provides star-rating labels on appliances (e.g., refrigerators, ACs) to inform consumers about energy efficiency and savings potential.
    • Perform, Achieve & Trade (PAT): A market-based mechanism under the National Mission for Enhanced Energy Efficiency (NMEEE) that incentivizes large energy-intensive industries to meet efficiency targets.
    • Energy Conservation Building Codes (ECBC): Guidelines for efficient building design.
    • Assistance in Deploying Energy Efficient Technologies in Industries and Establishments (ADEETIE) Scheme: Assists MSMEs in adopting energy-efficient technologies with technical and financial support.
    • National Energy Conservation Awards (NECA): Annual recognition for exemplary  energy efficiency achievements.

    Rice fortification Scheme Suspended

    Economy

    In News

    • The Government of India has decided to temporarily discontinue rice fortification under the Pradhan Mantri Garib Kalyan Anna Yojana (PMGKAY) and other welfare schemes after a review of its implementation.

    Pradhan Mantri Garib Kalyan Anna Yojana (PMGKAY)

    • Launched in – It was announced as part of the relief package during the COVID-19 pandemic.
    • Aim – To ensure sufficient food for the poor and needy during the coronavirus crisis.
    • Ministry – The department of Food and Public Distribution under the Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution.
    • Beneficiaries – Under the scheme, about 80 Crore beneficiaries are eligible for foodgrains (free-of-cost).

    Additional Information – Food fortification

    • Definition – Food Fortification is the practice of increasing the content of one or more micronutrients (i.e., vitamins and minerals) in a food.
    • Significance – To improve the nutritional quality of the food and provide a public health benefit with minimal risk to health.
    • Rice fortification – It involves the addition of micronutrients (Iron, Folic Acid, Vitamin B 12).
    • Milk fortification – It involves the addition of vitamins A and D, which helps in combating deficiencies linked to these vitamins.
    • Salt fortification – It involves the addition of iodine (iodized salt) to prevent iodine deficiency disorders.

    World Obesity Atlas 2026

    Health

    Context

    • India ranks second globally in the number of children who are overweight or living with obesity, according to the World Obesity Atlas 2026 released on World Obesity Day (4 March).

    World Obesity Atlas

    • Published by – World Obesity Federation.
    • It provides global data, projections, and policy insights on obesity trends and related health risks.
    • The report highlights that the global target to halt the rise in childhood obesity by 2025 has been m issed, and the deadline has now been extended to 203

    Government Initiatives

    • POSHAN Abhiyaan (National Nutrition Mission): Focuses on improving nutritional outcomes for children, adolescents, and women through convergence of nutrition-related schemes.
    • Fit India Movement: Launched to promote physical activity, fitness culture, and behavioural change among citizens.
    • Eat Right India: Initiative by the Food Safety and Standards Authority of India to encourage healthy diets, food safety, and reduction of unhealthy food consumption.
    • School Health and Wellness Programme: Promotes health education, physical activity, and lifestyle awareness among school students.
  • Kusuma Sanjeevini programme

    Kusuma Sanjeevini programme

    News – 

    • In a significant step toward improving the quality of life for those with rare genetic blood disorders, the Karnataka government launched the ‘Kusuma Sanjeevini’ programme. 

    Kusuma Sanjeevini programme

    • Uniqueness – It is India’s first statewide prophylaxis programme dedicated to providing free, advanced treatment for patients living with haemophilia. 

    Key Objectives and Benefits

    • The scheme aims to shift haemophilia care from reactive (treating bleeds after they occur) to preventive (prophylactic), ensuring a better quality of life and a “Zero Bleeds” state for patients. 
    • Free Advanced Medication: Eligible patients receive Emicizumab, a high-end monoclonal antibody injection, entirely free of cost.
    • Ease of Treatment: Unlike traditional factor replacements that require frequent painful infusions, this breakthrough drug is administered just once a month as a subcutaneous (under-the-skin) injection.
    • Financial Relief: The treatment typically costs around ₹5 lakh per patient annually, a burden now fully covered by the state government.
    • Emergency Support: The programme includes a dedicated, free 108 ambulance service for the rapid emergency transport of haemophilia patients across the state.
    • Infrastructure: Treatment is available at 36 Integrated Treatment Centres for Haemoglobinopathies and Haemophilia (ICHH) located in district and taluk hospitals

    Additional Information – Haemophilia

    • It is a rare genetic bleeding disorder where the blood does not clot properly due to a deficiency in specific clotting factors. 

    Core Characteristics

    • Inheritance Pattern: It is an X-linked recessive disorder. The defective gene is located on the X chromosome, making males much more vulnerable.
    • Prevalence: It affects approximately 1 in 10,000 people globally.
    • India Scenario: India has the highest number of patients in the world (~19,000–20,000 registered).

    Types of Haemophilia

    Type 

     

    Notes

    Haemophilia A

     

    The most common form (“Classic Haemophilia”), accounting for ~80% of cases.

    Haemophilia B

     

    Also known as Christmas Disease.

    Haemophilia C

     

    A rare autosomal form that affects both genders equally.

    Treatment & Innovations

      • Replacement Therapy: The standard treatment involving regular intravenous infusions of the missing clotting factor.
      • Gene Therapy Breakthrough: India recently conducted its first human clinical trial for Haemophilia A gene therapy using a lentiviral vector to insert a functional gene into a patient’s stem cells.
    • Prophylaxis: A shift from “on-demand” treatment (after bleeding starts) to preventive care to avoid long-term joint damage. 

    Key Observances

    • World Haemophilia Day: Observed on April 17th annually.
    • 2025 Theme: “Access for All – Women and Girls Bleed Too”
  • MCQ’s on State Issues

    MCQ’s on State Issues

    1. Consider the following statements regarding the Karnataka Menstrual Leave Policy, 2026:
    1. The policy entitles women employees in Karnataka to a maximum of 12 days of menstrual leave annually.
    2. It has been implemented only for employees in the organized private sector.
    3. It recognizes menstrual health as both a workplace and rights-based issue.
    4. It is based on the recommendations of a committee headed by Dr. Sapna S.

    Which of the above statements is/are correct?

    1. 2, 3 and 4 only
    2. 1 and 2 only
    3. 1, 3 and 4 only
    4. 1, 2, 3 and 4

     

    1. With reference to the Karnataka Global Capability Centre (GCC) Policy 2024–2029, consider the following statements:
    1. It is India’s first dedicated policy framework aimed at attracting and scaling GCCs.
    2. It promotes the development of GCCs in “Beyond Bengaluru” clusters and a majority of newly established GCCs are concentrated in Bengaluru.
    3. It aims to increase the number of GCCs in the state from over 500 to 1,000 by 2029.
    4. The policy targets generation of $50 billion in economic output and creation of 3.5 lakh jobs.

    How many of the statements given above is/are NOT correct?

    1. Two only
    2. Three only
    3. All Four 
    4. All Four are correct 

     

    1. Consider the following statements regarding bioeconomy in Karnataka:
    1. The State contributes nearly one-fifth to India’s bioeconomy.
    2. The bioeconomy expanded from $31 billion in 2023 to $39.2 billion in 2025.
    3. The growth rate during this period was less than 20%.
    4. Karnataka added over 200 biotech start-ups in 2025.

    Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

    1. 2 and 3 only
    2. 1, 2 and 4 only
    3. 2 and 3 only
    4. 1, 2, 3 and 4

     

    1. With reference to the Asha Kirana Initiative, consider the following statements:
    1. It is implemented under the National Programme for Control of Blindness and Visual Impairment (NPCBVI).
    2. The initiative primarily focuses on providing tertiary-level super-specialty eye care services in urban hospitals.
    3. It involves doorstep screening of individuals through community health workers such as ASHAs.
    4. It provides free spectacles and cataract surgeries to eligible beneficiaries through government and empanelled hospitals.

    How many of the statements given above is/are correct?

    1. One only
    2. Two only
    3. Three only
    4. All Four 

     

    1. With reference to the Kusuma Sanjeevini Programme, consider the following statements:
    1. It aims to provide prophylactic treatment and emergency transport services free of cost to haemophilia patients.
    2. The programme introduces Emicizumab, which is administered intravenously on a daily basis.
    3. Haemophilia is a genetic disorder caused by deficiency of clotting factors such as Factor VIII or Factor IX.
    4. The use of Emicizumab under the programme helps in preventing recurrent bleeding episodes and associated joint deformities.

    Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

    1. 1, 2 and 3 only
    2. 1, 3 and 4 only
    3. 2 and 4 only
    4. 1, 2, 3 and 4

     

    1. With reference to the AVGC-XR Policy (2024–29), consider the following statements:
    1. The policy aims to position Karnataka as a global hub for Animation, Visual Effects, Gaming, Comics, and Extended Reality.
    2. It targets that exports from the AVGC-XR sector should constitute at least 80% of the total sectoral revenue.
    3. The policy focuses on large enterprises and provides support for startups or MSMEs with the potential to create 20 lakh jobs in the next five years.
    4. It includes provisions for skill development, infrastructure creation, and financial incentives to promote the AVGC-XR ecosystem.

    How many of the statements given above is/ are NOT correct?

    1. Two only
    2. Three only
    3. All Four 
    4. All are correct 

     

    1. Assertion (A): Karnataka has launched the State Action Plan for Rabies Elimination (SAPRE) with a target of achieving zero human deaths due to dog-mediated rabies by 2030.

    Reason (R): Rabies is a zoonotic disease that is almost always fatal once clinical symptoms appear, but is preventable through vaccination and timely post-exposure prophylaxis.

    Choose the correct answer:

    1. Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A
    2. Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A
    3. A is true, but R is false
    4. A is false, but R is true

     

    1. Assertion (A): Karnataka became the first State in India to release a comprehensive State Action Plan for Prevention and Control of Snakebite Envenoming (SAPSE).

    Reason (R): Snakebite envenoming and rabies are major public health concerns, and targeted state-level action plans help in reducing mortality through prevention, timely treatment, and awareness.

    Choose the correct answer:

    1. Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A
    2. Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A
    3. A is true, but R is false
    4. A is false, but R is true

     

    1. Consider the following statements:
    1. Human Papillomavirus (HPV) infection is a necessary cause for the majority of cervical cancer cases.
    2. HPV vaccines are prophylactic in nature and do not treat existing infections.
    3. Cervical cancer can be effectively eliminated solely through vaccination without the need for screening programmes.
    4. High HPV vaccination coverage among adolescent girls can contribute to herd immunity.

    Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

    1. 1, 2 and 4 only
    2. 1 and 3 only
    3. 2, 3 and 4 only
    4. 1, 2, 3 and 4

     

    1. With reference to solid waste management initiatives in Bengaluru, consider the following statements:
    1. Two new Integrated Solid Waste Management Parks are proposed at Gollahalli and Doddabelavangala.
    2. These parks are being developed exclusively on privately owned land through Public-Private Partnership (PPP) mode.
    3. The initiative is being undertaken by Bengaluru Solid Waste Management Limited.
    4. Residents can report garbage issues through the Sahay 2.0 platform. A dedicated helpline number and WhatsApp chatbot are available for grievance redressal.

    Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

    1. 2, 3 and 4 only
    2. 1 and 2 only
    3. 1, 3 and 4 only
    4. 1, 2, 3 and 4

     

    1. With reference to the “Tulu” language, consider the following statements:
    1. Tulu belongs to the Dravidian language family.
    2. It is predominantly spoken in coastal Karnataka and parts of Kerala.
    3. Tulu is already included in the Eighth Schedule of the Constitution.
    4. Recognition in the Eighth Schedule can promote preservation and development of the language.

    Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

    1. 1, 2 and 4 only
    2. 1 and 3 only
    3. 2, 3 and 4 only
    4. 1, 2, 3 and 4

     

    1. With reference to the mVahan app and geo-fencing of Fitness Certificates (FCs), consider the following statements:
    1. Geo-fencing ensures that Fitness Certificates are issued only from designated Regional Transport Office (RTO) locations.
    2. The mVahan app uses location-based technology to verify the physical presence of the vehicle at the testing site.
    3. The system eliminates the need for any physical inspection of vehicles for issuing FCs.
    4. The initiative aims to curb fraudulent issuance of Fitness Certificates.

    Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

    1. 2, 3 and 4 only
    2. 1 and 3 only
    3. 1, 2 and 4 only
    4. 1, 2, 3 and 4

     

    1. With reference to the Swachh Bharat Mission–Urban 2.0, consider the following statements:
    1. The mission is fully funded by the Central Government.
    2. Karnataka has received ₹2,245.30 crore under the mission.
    3. The mission promotes waste as a resource through a circular economy.
    4. Water+ certification is linked to solid waste management efficiency.

    How many of the statements given above is/are correct?

    1. One only
    2. Two only
    3. Three only
    4. All Four 

     

    1. With reference to the Rural Smart Village Center Project, consider the following statements:
    1. The project has been launched by GNA India Private Limited in collaboration with BSNL and Acer India.
    2. It aims to provide high-speed Wi-Fi 7 connectivity in remote forest regions.
    3. The project covers tourist destinations in Uttara Kannada such as Yana and Magod Falls.
    4. One of its objectives is to support digital payments and real-time information access for tourists.

    How many of the statements given above is/are NOT correct?

    1. Two only
    2. Three only
    3. All Four 
    4. All are correct 

     

    1. With reference to the Sharavathi Pumped Storage Hydroelectric Project, consider the following statements:
    1. It is located on the Sharavathi River in Karnataka and has a total installed capacity of 2000 MW.
    2. It is the largest pumped storage power generation unit in India.
    3. The Talakalale dam serves as the lower reservoir, while Gerusoppa dam serves as the upper reservoir.
    4. It is modeled on the lines of the Kaleshwaram project of Telangana and it is intended to support drinking water supply to Bengaluru.

    Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

    1. 1, 2 and 4 only
    2. 1 and 3 only
    3. 2, 3 and 4 only
    4. 1, 2, 3 and 4

     

    1. With reference to Kappatagudda Wildlife Sanctuary, consider the following statements:
    1. It is located in the Gadag district and often referred to as the “Western Ghats of North Karnataka.”
    2. It is the only sanctuary in the state declared specifically for the conservation of wild flora.
    3. It represents a dryland ecosystem which includes scrub jungles, grasslands, and dry deciduous forests.
    4. It serves as a catchment area for the Tungabhadra River.

    How many of the statements given above is/are correct?

    1. Two only
    2. Three only
    3. All Four 
    4. All are not correct 

     

    1. With reference to the “Karnataka electric bus programme”, consider the following statements:
    1. It is announced in the Karnataka Budget 2026–27 with allocation of ₹2,000 crore and involves financial support from the World Bank.
    2. It aims to induct 4,000 e-buses into state-run transport fleets and development of 94 charging depots across the state.
    3. A total of 32 e-bus depots are planned for BMTC and 62 depots are designated for other state road transport corporations.
    4. Nearly 1,950 electric buses are specifically intended to improve rural connectivity.

    Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

    1. 1, 2 and 3 only
    2. 1 and 4 only
    3. 2, 3 and 4 only
    4. 1, 2, 3 and 4

     

    1. With reference to the Aerospace initiatives announced in the Karnataka Budget 2026, consider the following statements:
    1. A new Aerospace Common Facility Centre (CFC) is proposed at the KIADB Aerospace Park in Bengaluru with an outlay of ₹30 crore.
    2. The Flight Training School will be established at Shivamogga and Vijaypura airport.
    3. It aims to enhance aeronautical manufacturing and training capabilities with 25% of seats reserved for local and women candidates.

    Which of the statements given above is/are NOT correct?

    1. 1 only
    2. 1 and 3 only
    3. 2 and 3 only
    4. None 

     

    1. With reference to the ELEVATE programme of Karnataka, consider the following statements:
    1. It is a flagship initiative of the Department of Electronics, IT, Bt, and S&T, GoK.
    2. It aims to support only mid-stage and large-scale enterprises.
    3. It is designed to nurture innovative early-stage startups and provides grant-in-aid funding, mentoring, and access to venture capital.
    4. The share of women-led startups rose from around 17% in 2017 to nearly 43% in 2025.

    Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

    1. 1, 3 and 4 only
    2. 1 and 2 only
    3. 2, 3 and 4 only
    4. 1, 2, 3 and 4

     

    1. With reference to, Consider the following statements:
    1. Recently, the multi-purpose indoor sports complex has laid the foundation at V.C. Farm in Mandya.
    2. It is sanctioned under the Khelo India Scheme of the Government of India.
    3. The project aims to strengthen grassroots sports infrastructure and reflects a focus on rural and semi-urban sports development.
    4. It is exclusively intended for international-level sporting events.

    Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

    1. 1, 2 and 4 only
    2. 1, 2 and 3 only
    3. 2, 3 and 4 only
    4. 1, 2, 3 and 4

     

    1. With reference to the Shakuntala Initiative launched by Pixxel, consider the following statements:
    1. It provides micro-grants to women researchers working in climate resilience and environmental studies.
    2. It is exclusively funded and implemented by the Government of India.
    3. It aims to address funding gaps and promote long-term STEM community building.
    4. It is implemented in collaboration with Escape Velocity Grants.

    Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

    1. 2, 3 and 4 only
    2. 1 and 2 only
    3. 1, 3 and 4 only
    4. 1, 2, 3 and 4

     

    1. With reference to the “QpiAI Indus”, consider the following statements:
    1. It is a 25-qubit superconducting quantum computer 
    2. It is installed at the Quantum Computing Centre of Excellence (QCCE) at IIIT-Dharwad.
    3. It is based on classical binary computing architecture using bits.
    4. It represents an advancement in India’s quantum computing capabilities.

    Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

    1. 1, 2 and 4 only
    2. 1 and 3 only
    3. 2, 3 and 4 only
    4. 1, 2, 3 and 4

     

    1. The Kris Gopalakrishnan Committee is related to:
    1. Space technology development
    2. Ethical use of Artificial Intelligence
    3. Agricultural reforms
    4. Banking regulation

     

    1. With reference to the Eva Nammava Eva Nammava Bill, 2026, consider the following statements:
    1. It is officially titled the Karnataka Freedom of Choice in Marriage and Prevention and Prohibition of Crimes in the Name of Honour and Tradition Act, 2026.
    2. It seeks to regulate marriages by requiring approval from community bodies.
    3. It aims to prevent honour killings and protect the autonomy of adults in choosing their partners.
    4. It criminalizes interference by family, caste, or community institutions in marriage decisions.
    5. Eva Nammava Vedike, a district-level committee to facilitate marriages and provide counselling.

    Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

    1. 1, 3, 4 and 5 only
    2. 1, 2, 3 and 4 only
    3. 2, 3, 4 and 5 only
    4. 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5

     

    1. With reference to Kalyana Patha, consider the following statements:
    1. It is a ₹1,000 crore project aimed at rural road development in Kalyana Karnataka region.
    2. It envisages development of 1,150 km of rural roads.
    3. The project focuses on improving connectivity in 38 selected assembly constituencies.

    How many of the statements given above is/are correct?

    1. One only
    2. Two only
    3. All
    4. None 

     

    1. With reference to the “Sakala Scheme”, consider the following statements:
    1. It is implemented under the Karnataka Guarantee of Services to Citizens Act, 2011.
    2. It aims to ensure time-bound delivery of government services.
    3. It provides a unique 15-digit Guaranteed Service Number (GSC) for each application.
    4. It covers only revenue and transport-related services.

    Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

    1. 1, 2 and 3 only
    2. 1 and 4 only
    3. 2, 3 and 4 only
    4. 1, 2, 3 and 4

     

    1. With reference to the Sahitya Akademi Award 2025, consider the following statements:
    1. Amaresh Nugadoni is the recipient of the award in the Kannada language category for his work titled Dada Seerisu Tande.
    2. The Sahitya Akademi Award is given annually for outstanding literary works in 24 Indian languages.

    How many of the statements given above is/are NOT correct?

    1. One only
    2. Two only
    3. Both
    4. None 

     

    Key Answers 

     

    01). C             26). A              

    02). D             27). D      

    03). B                  

    04). C                

    05). B               

    06). D              

    07). A                

    08). B               

    09). A              

    10). C                

    11). A              

    12). C           

    13). B              

    14). D            

    15). A            

    16). C          

    17). D                

    18). D           

    19). A             

    20). B             

    21). C          

    22). A            

    23). B                 

    24). A          

    25). C