The Defence Minister inaugurated Shyok Tunnel in eastern Ladakh and 124 other strategic border infra projects.
Shyok Tunnel
It is the 920-metre cut-and-cover tunnel.
It would provide all-weather connectivity to areas close to the LAC in eastern Ladakh, where India and China were locked in a military standof
Significance – It will also likely reduce dependence on air maintenance and resolve logistical challenges in the difficult terrains.
Uniqueness– It is built in one of the world’s toughest and most challenging terrain.
Border Roads Organisation (BRO)
Defence
In News
Defence Minister unveils ₹5,000 crore BRO roads, bridges and key assets across Ladakh, Jammu and Kashmir and seven states in major border infrastructure push.
Border Roads Organisation (BRO)
Established in – It was formed in 1960 by Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru
Objective – To coordinate the speedy development of an adequate road communication network of roads in the North and the North-Eastern border regions of the country.
Functions under – It works under the administrative control of the Ministry of Defence.
Significance – Support the armed forces meet their strategic needs by committed, dedicated and cost-effective development and sustenance of the infrastructure.
Works through Border Road Tasks Forces (BRTFs) and Projects (e.g., Project Himank, Project Vijayak, Project Dantak, Project Vartak, Project Udayak, etc.).
RELOS Agreement
International relation
In News
Russia’s lower house of parliament has ratified the Reciprocal Exchange of Logistic Support (Relos) Agreement with India.
Relos is similar to logistics agreements India has signed with countries like the US, UK, Japan, Australia, France, Singapore, South Korea, and Vietnam.
India–Russia Reciprocal Exchange of Logistics Support (Relos) Agreement
It is a bilateral military logistics pact.
It enables both countries’ military aircraft, ships, and personnel to use each other’s bases for refueling, maintenance, spare parts, training, joint exercises, humanitarian missions, and disaster relief.
It streamlines logistics by reducing paperwork, ensuring quicker support, and allowing rolling settlement of costs.
The National Intelligence Grid (NATGRID) has begun receiving nearly 45,000 requests per month, reflecting a significant rise in its use by central and state security agencies.
National Intelligence Grid (NATGRID)
It is a real-time intelligence and data-access platform developed after the 26/11 Mumbai attacks (2008)
Objective – to enable seamless information-sharing across agencies.
It functions under the Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA)
It consolidates over 20 categories of civil and commercial data, such as bank transactions, telecom usage, passport/immigration records, tax IDs, police FIRs (CCTNS), and other e-governance sources.
Data accessibility: Initially restricted to Intelligence Bureau (IB), the Research and Analysis Wing (R&AW), the National Investigation Agency (NIA), the Enforcement Directorate (ED), the Financial Intelligence Unit (FIU), the Narcotics Control Bureau (NCB) and the Directorate of Revenue Intelligence (DRI) etc.
Access to NATGRID is now available to Superintendent of Police (SP) rank officers.
Significance of NATGRID
Counterterrorism: NATGRID enhances the ability to detect and disrupt terror networks by correlating travel patterns, financial transactions, telecom data and social contacts.
Improved Crime Detection: The platform assists in investigations related to organised crime, narcotics, human trafficking, cybercrime, fake currency networks, and cross-border smuggling.
11th India International Science Festival (IISF)
Economy
In News
The 11th India International Science Festival (IISF) commenced in Panchkula, Haryana.
India International Science Festival (IISF)
It was launched in 2015
It is a major platform for scientific exchange, innovation, outreach, and public engagement.
2025 Theme : Vigyan Se Samruddhi: for Aatmanirbhar Bharat.
IISF 2025 focus on five broad themes:
Science, Technology and Ecology of North-West India and the Himalayan Region;
Science for Society and Education;
Atmanirbhar Bharat through Science and Technology;
Biotechnology and Bio-economy; and
Integration of Traditional Knowledge with Modern Science.
Saras Food Festival 2025
Syllabus: Miscellaneous
In News
The Saras Food Festival 2025 at Delhi’s Sunder Nursery became a vibrant showcase of women’s empowerment through Self-Help Groups (SHGs) under the National Rural Livelihood Mission (NRLM).
Saras Food Festival 2025
It features over 500 traditional dishes served across 62 stalls, representing states from Haryana, Arunachal Pradesh, Maharashtra, Kerala, Assam, Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Goa, Gujarat, and many more.
It showcases women’s entrepreneurship and self-reliance, with around 300 “Lakhpati Didis”from SHGs across India presenting food and rural products.
SARAS Aajeevika Mela
It is organised by the Ministry of Rural Development under Deen Dayal Antyodaya Yojana-National Rural Livelihood Mission.
It provides rural women and self-help groups a national platform to sell their products directly, eliminate middlemen, and gain vital market exposure.
It equips them with skills to upgrade their products, increase incomes, and connect with buyers from across the country and beyond through workshops on packaging, design, communication, and marketing, the Melas
The Supreme Court issued systemic directions to strengthen enforcement of anti-dowry laws.
Dowry Cases In India
NCRB’s Crime in India 2023 report confirms a 14% rise in cases under the Dowry Prohibition Act, 1961, reaching 15,489 from 13,479 in 2022, alongside 6,156 dowry deaths nationwide.
Uttar Pradesh topped with 7,151 cases and 2,122 deaths, followed by Bihar, Karnataka, and Madhya Pradesh.
Legal Status in India
The payment of dowry has long been prohibited under specific Indian laws including the Dowry Prohibited under specific Indian law including:
Dowry Prohibition Act, 1961
Mandate – To prohibit giving or taking of dowry.
Imprisonment – Anyone who violates this law is punishable with imprisonment for a term not less than five years, and fine of not less than Rs 15,000.
Citizenship Under CAA Only After Scrutiny: SC
Polity & Governance
Context
The Supreme Court of India has recently clarified that citizenship under the Citizenship (Amendment) Act, 2019 (CAA) is not automatic.
Applicants must meet all conditions of naturalisation, and the Union government must examine each case individually.
Key Features of the Citizenship (Amendment) Act, 2019
Purpose and Objective: The CAA amends the Citizenship Act of 1955 to provide Indian citizenship to certain persecuted minorities from neighboring countries of Pakistan, Afghanistan, or Bangladesh.
Eligible Communities: The Act specifically covers six non-Muslim religious communities of Hindus, Sikhs, Buddhists, Jains, Parsis, and Christians.
Individuals from these communities who entered India on or before December 31, 2014, without valid travel documents or whose documents expired, are eligible for citizenship.
Exemption from ‘Illegal Migrant’ Status: Such persons shall not be treated as illegal migrants under the Act, enabling them to apply for citizenship through naturalization.
The required period of residence in India for naturalization has been reduced from 11 years to 5 years for these groups.
Applicability Exceptions: The Act does not apply to:
Tribal areas of Assam, Meghalaya, Mizoram, and Tripura (as included in the Sixth Schedule of the Constitution).
Areas under the ‘Inner Line Permit’ system (Arunachal Pradesh, Mizoram, Nagaland, and Manipur).
Connect with the basics – Pathways to Indian Citizenship
Constitutional Foundations: Articles 5–11 of Constitution of India (Part II) lays down the initial framework for citizenship at the time of its commencement:
Article 5: Grants citizenship to persons domiciled in India at the commencement of the Constitution.
Article 6: Covers migrants from Pakistan, granting citizenship under certain conditions.
Article 7: Addresses those who migrated to Pakistan but later returned.
Article 8: Provides for citizenship of Indians residing abroad.
Article 9: Bars dual citizenship, if a person voluntarily acquires citizenship of another country, they forfeit Indian citizenship.
Article 10: Ensures that existing citizens continue to enjoy rights unless terminated under law.
Article 11: Empowers Parliament to regulate citizenship by law.
Statutory Provisions: The Citizenship Act, 1955:
It provides the legal framework for acquiring and terminating Indian citizenship. Key modes of acquisition include:
By Birth (Section 3)
By Descent (Section 4)
By Registration (Section 5)
By Naturalization (Section 6)
By Incorporation of Territory (Section 7).
Anti-Defection Law
Polity and Governance
Context
A private member’s bill titled “The Constitution (Amendment) Bill, 2025 (Amendment of the Tenth Schedule)” has been introduced in Lok Sabha.
The Tenth Schedule to the Constitution, popularly known as the Anti-Defection Law, was added to the Constitution by the Constitution(Fifty-second Amendment) Act, 1985.
Whip
A whip refers to an order to members of a party in the House to abide by a certain direction of the party.
Political parties issue whips to their MPs to either vote for or against the bill, depending on their party line.
Once the whip is issued, the MPs from each party will necessarily have to obey the whip or else risk losing their seat in Parliament.
It is not mentioned in the constitution but is considered a parliamentary convention.
Parties appoint a senior member from among their House contingents to issue whips — this member is called a chief whip, and he/ she is assisted by additional whips.
Anti Defection Law
The Tenth Schedule of the Constitution, also known as the anti-defection law, was added to prevent political defections.
Disqualification on ground of defection: A legislator belonging to a political party will be disqualified if he/she:
voluntarily gives up his party membership, or
votes/abstains to vote in the House contrary to the direction issued by his political party.
Independent members will be disqualified if they join a political party after getting elected to the House.
Nominated members will be disqualified if they join any political party six months after getting nominated.
A member is not disqualified if he has taken prior permission of his party, or if the voting or abstention is condoned by the party within 15 days.
Exemptions in cases of merger: Members are exempted from such disqualification when at least two thirds of the original political party merges with another political party.
the members must have become members of the party they have merged with/into,
or they should have not accepted the merger and choose to function as a separate group.
Decision making authority: The decision to disqualify a member from the House rests with the Chairman/Speaker of the House.
December 19 marks the day Goa was liberated from Portuguese rule and formally integrated into India in 1961.
Goa Liberation Day
First capture (1510): Albuquerque seized Goa with help from the local chieftain Timoji.
Loss of Goa: Adil Shah’s forces recaptured Goa during the monsoon.
Final conquest (November 1510): Albuquerque returned with reinforcements and decisively defeated Bijapur forces.
Reasons for Portuguese Success:
Superior naval power and artillery
Weak internal control of the Bijapur Sultanate
Local support from discontented groups
Effective leadership of Albuquerque
Impact:
Goa became the capital of Portuguese India (Estado da Índia).
It marked the beginning of European territorial colonialism in India.
Goa emerged as a centre of trade, administration, and Christianity.
Goa was the first Indian Territory to be captured by European power and last to get its independence.
Background:
Following the country’s independence in 1947, the regime had major challenges to tackle: the integration of regions like Goa, Jammu and Kashmir, Hyderabad among others.
The India government made several diplomatic outreach to persuade Portugal to hand over Goa peacefully.
Portugal, which ruled Goa for 451 years, rejected all such requests.
This led to the Goa Liberation Movement, with significant participation from local leaders and the public.
Operation Vijay
Operation Vijay was launched by the Indian Armed Forces to annex Goa and amalgamate it with the rest of India during Jawaharlal Nehru’s tenure as Prime Minister.
The operation lasted for over 36 hours and involved coordinated strikes by the Indian Armed Forces across air, sea, and land.
Outcome: Portuguese forces surrendered on 19 December 1961, leading to Goa’s liberation along with Daman and Diu.
On 30 May 1987, the Union Territory was split, and Goa was made India’s twenty-fifth state, with Daman and Diu remaining Union Territories.
Securities Markets Code Bill 2025
Economy
Context
The Union Finance Minister introduced the Securities Markets Code Bill 2025 in the Lok Sabha.
Securities Markets Code Bill 2025
The Bill proposes to consolidate the;
Securities Contracts (Regulation) Act, 1956,
Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) Act, 1992, and
The Depositories Act, 1996.
Key Provisions
Reforms in SEBI’s Composition: The strength of the SEBI Board is proposed to be increased from 9 to 15 members, including the Chairperson.
The reconstituted Board will include;
The Chairperson.
Two officials appointed by the Central Government.
One ex-officio member from the Reserve Bank of India.
Eleven other members, of whom at least five will be whole-time members. Currently there are three full-time members.
Additional Information – The Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI)
It is the primary regulatory body for the securities and capital markets in India.
Established as a statutory body in 1992,
It operates under the Ministry of Finance.
Chairman: Tuhin Kanta Pandey (as of 2025).
Headquarters: Mumbai with regional offices in New Delhi, Kolkata, Chennai, and Ahmedabad.
Objective: To protect investor interests, promote market development, and regulate the securities market.
Key Functions and Powers
Protective: Prevents insider trading, price rigging, and fraudulent practices.
Developmental: Promotes investor education and trains intermediaries to enhance market transparency.
Regulatory: Drafts regulations, conducts audits, and registers market participants like brokers and mutual funds.
New Logo for Regional Rural Banks (RRBs)
Economy
In News
The Government of India, in collaboration with NABARD, has unveiled a common logo for all Regional Rural Banks (RRBs) under the “One RRB, One Logo” initiative, marking a significant step towards unifying the identity of RRBs across the country.
“One RRB, One Logo” Initiative
A reform measure to introduce a single, uniform visual identity for all 43 Regional Rural Banks operating in India.
Implemented jointly by – Department of Financial Services (DFS), Ministry of Finance & National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD)
Objectives of the Initiative
Unified Identity: Present RRBs as part of a single national banking system, rather than fragmented regional entities.
Customer Trust: Improve public confidence by ensuring easy recognition and credibility.
Operational Integration: Support recent amalgamation and consolidation of RRBs.
Digital Readiness: Align RRB branding with modern banking and digital financial services.
Regional Rural Banks (RRBs)
Established under – Regional Rural Banks Act, 1976
Objective – to expand institutional credit in rural areas & serve small farmers, SHGs, artisans and MSMEs.
RRBs have a tripartite ownership pattern:
Government of India – 50%
Concerned State Government – 15%
Sponsor Bank – 35%.
Andhra’s Rare Earth Corridor
Science & Technology
In News
Andhra Pradesh’s 974-km-long coastline has gained strategic importance due to large reserves of rare earth elements (REEs) embedded in beach sand minerals.
Andhra’s Rare Earth Corridor
Location – A continuous mineral-rich belt along Andhra Pradesh’s coast from Srikakulam (north) to Nellore (south).
Rich in beach sand minerals such as:
Monazite (primary source of REEs and thorium)
Ilmenite, rutile, zircon, garnet and sillimanite
Note – Andhra Pradesh holds 30–35% of India’s total monazite reserves
Rare Earth Elements (REEs)
They are a group of 17 elements, 15 lanthanides + scandium + yttrium.
Though geologically abundant, they are termed “rare” because:
They occur in low concentrations, and
Their extraction and processing are complex, capital- and technology-intensive.
REEs are classified into:
Light REEs (LREEs): lanthanum, cerium, neodymium, praseodymium, samarium, etc.
Heavy REEs (HREEs): dysprosium, terbium, yttrium, etc.
Ratle Project
Economy
In News
Recently, the Jammu and Kashmir Police informed Megha Engineering and Infrastructure Limited (MEIL) that 29 workers employed at the under-construction 850 MW Ratle Hydro Electric Project in Kishtwar had alleged militant links or criminal backgrounds.
The Ratle Hydroelectric Project (850 MW)
Location: On the Chenab River near Drabshalla in Kishtwar district, Union Territory of Jammu and Kashmir.
Type and capacity: Run-of-the-river scheme with a total installed capacity of 850 MW and a 133 m high concrete gravity dam and associated underground power houses.
RESPOND Basket 2025
Science & Technology
In News
Recently, Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) launched the RESPOND Basket 2025.
RESPOND Basket 2025
It invites submission of research proposals from various premier universities, and other recognised academic and R&D institutions in areas relevant to ISRO’s upcoming missions and national priorities.
It supports ISRO’s upcoming projects, including Bharatiya Antariksh Station,Chandrayaan-4, Gaganyaan missions, Venus orbiter, and a human Moon landing.
Live in Relationship Not Illegal: Allahabad High Court
Health & Society
In News
Allahabad High Court categorically held that live-in relationships are not illegal and that consenting adults have the constitutional right to live together with dignity and safety, irrespective of marital status.
Key Observations of the Allahabad High Court
Live-in relationship is not an offence: Living together without marriage does not violate any law in India if both partners are adults and give free consent.
Right to life and personal liberty: The Court emphasized that Article 21 of the Constitution guarantees the right to life, dignity, and personal freedom to all individuals, including those in live-in relationships.
State’s duty to protect: Once adults choose to live together, the State is duty-bound to ensure their safety, even against threats from family or society.
Social Morality vs Constitutional Morality: The Court clearly prioritised constitutional morality over social morality.
Evidentiary Presumption of Marriage: The Court referred to Section 114 of the Indian Evidence Act, 1872, and Section 119(1) of the Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam, 2023.
These provisions state that if a man and woman cohabit for a significant period in the nature of husband and wife, the law may presume them to be married.
Key Supreme Court Judgments on Live-in Relationships
Tulsa v. Durghatiya (2008):Children born from prolonged live-in relationships cannot be treated as illegitimat It ensures inheritance and dignity of children.
Velusamy v. D. Patchaiammal (2010): The Court clarified the concept of “relationship in the nature of marriage” under the Domestic Violence Act.
Conditions laid down like a couple must hold themselves out as husband and wife, must be of legal age & must be otherwise qualified to marry.
Indra Sarma v. V.K.V. Sarma (2013): Recognised that live-in relationships may be morally debated, but courts must deal with social realities.
Shafin Jahan v. Asokan K.M. (2018): The Court held that the right to marry a person of one’s choice is an integral part of Article 21.
Child Trafficking and Commercial Sexual Exploitation
Polity and Governance
Context
The Supreme Court laid down guidelines on how courts must sensitively appreciate the evidence of minor victims of trafficking and prostitution.
Constitutional Safeguards in India
Article 23: Prohibits trafficking in human beings and forced labor.
Article 21: Ensures the right to life and personal liberty, which has been interpreted to include the right to live with dignity.
Article 39(e): The state should ensure that the health and strength of workers and children are not abused, and that citizens are not forced to take jobs that are not suitable for their age or strength.
Laws governing anti-trafficking crimes
The Immoral Traffic (Prevention) Act, 1956 is targeted at stopping immoral trafficking and sex work. It went through two amendments, in 1978 and 1986.
The Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act, 1986, prevents children from partaking in certain employments and regulates the conditions of work for children in other fields.
The Bonded Labour System (Abolition) Act, 1976, prohibits systems of labour where people, including children, work under conditions of servitude to pay off debt, and also provides a framework for rehabilitating released labourers.
The Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act 2015, which governs laws relating to children alleged and found to be in conflict with law.
Protection of Children from Sexual Offences (POCSO) Act, 2012, which seeks to prevent commercial sexual exploitation of children.
India set up Anti-Human Trafficking Units (AHTUs) in 2007.
Government to Increase Reservation for Agniveers in CAPFs to 50%
Defence
Context
The Union Home Ministry has decided to enhance reservation for ex-Agniveers in the Group C posts of the Central Armed Police Forces (CAPFs) from the existing 10% to 50%.
Agnipath Scheme
Objective – It allows patriotic and motivated youth to serve in the Armed Forces for a period of four years.
Features of the scheme
Agniveer – Under this scheme, the youth joining the army will be called Agniveer. Youth will be able to be recruited into the army for a short duration.
Recruitment for Short term – Under the new scheme, around 45,000 to 50,000 soldiers will be recruited annually, and most will leave the service in just four years.
However, after four years, only 25% of the batch will be recruited back into their respective services, for a period of 15 years.
Eligibility Criteria
It is only for personnel below officer ranks (those who do not join the forces as commissioned officers).
Aspirants between the ages of 17.5 years and 23 years will be eligible to apply.
Benefits for Agniveers
Seva Nidhi package – Upon the completion of the 4-years of service, a one-time ‘Seva Nidhi’ package of Rs 11.71 lakhs will be paid to the Agniveers.
Life Insurance – They will also get a Rs 48 lakh life insurance cover for the four years. In case of death, the payout will be over Rs 1 crore, including pay for the unserved tenure.
Rehabilitation – The government will help rehabilitate soldiers who leave the services after four years. They will be provided with skill certificates and bridge courses.
Related Concerns
Difficult to Find Another Job – The ‘Agnipath’ scheme opens the way for recruitment of soldiers for a short-term contract of four years. After the completion of the contract, 25% of them will be retained and the rest will leave the forces.
No Pension Benefit – Those hired under the ‘Agnipath’ scheme will be given a one-time lump sum of Rs 11 lakh. However, they do not receive any pension benefits.
Training May Remain Unutilized – Forces will lose experienced soldiers. The jawans joining the Army, Navy and Air Force will be given technical training so that they are able to support the ongoing operations. But these men and women will leave after four years, which could create a void.
Significance of Such Step for the Country
Future Ready Soldiers – It will create “future-ready” soldiers.
More Employment Opportunities – It will increase employment opportunities and because of the skills and experience acquired during the four-year service such soldiers will get employment in various fields.
‘Support to Poor Prisoners’ Scheme
Polity & Governance
In News
The Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) revised the guidelines of the ‘Support to Poor Prisoners’ scheme due to sub-optimal implementation by several States and Union Territorie
‘Support to Poor Prisoners’ Scheme
Objective – to provide financial assistance to States/UTs for extending relief to poor prisoners who are unable to secure bail or release from prison due to non-payment of fine, on account of financial constraints.
GI-Tagged Indi Lime from Karnataka Enters Oman Market
Economy
In News
India’s agricultural exports received a boost with the export of 3 metric tonnes of GI-tagged Indi Lime from Vijayapura, Karnataka, to Oman.
Indi Lime
Indi Lime is known for its distinctive aroma, high juice content and longer shelf life.
It represents the agricultural heritage of northern Karnataka.
The GI status of Indi Lime has played a crucial role in positioning the fruit competitively in global markets.
The export of GI-tagged Indi Lime to Oman gains significance under the India-Oman Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement (CEPA) / Free Trade Agreement (FTA), which aims to strengthen economic ties and expand market access for Indian products.
Do you know?
● The Agricultural and Processed Food Products Export Development Authority (APEDA) – It supports the promotion, branding and export of GI-tagged agricultural products, recognising the importance of promoting region-specific produce in international markets.
Tundra Biome
Environment
In News
A recent scientific study from Arctic Alaska reveals that wildfires in the tundra biome have become more frequent in the last century than at any time in the past 3,000 years.
Tundra Biome
The tundra is a cold, treeless biome found in high-latitude (Arctic) and high-altitude (Alpine) regions. The word tundra comes from a Finnish term meaning “treeless plain.”
Types of Tundra:
Arctic Tundra: Found in northern Alaska, Canada, Greenland, Siberia
Alpine Tundra: Found at high altitudes on mountains (Himalayas, Andes, Rockies). No permafrost, but very cold conditions
Climatic Characteristics:
Temperature: Extremely low; winters can reach −30°C to −50°C
Precipitation: Very low (150–250 mm/year).
Bureau of Port Security (BoPS)
Defense
In News
The Union Home Minister convened a high-level meeting to initiate the constitution of a dedicated Bureau of Port Security (BoPS) to enhance the security of vessels and port facilities across the country.
Under the revamped security framework, the Central Industrial Security Force (CISF) has been designated as a Recognised Security Organisation for ports.
Bureau of Port Security (BoPS)
It will be established as a statutory body under Section 13 of the newly promulgated Merchant Shipping Act, 2025.
It will function under the aegis of the Ministry of Ports, Shipping and Waterways
It will be headed by a Director General of the rank of an IPS officer.
Function – It will be responsible for regulatory oversight and coordination related to the security of ships and port infrastructure.
The Supreme Court, in a recent order, settled on a uniform definition of the Aravalli hills and ranges, and paused the grant of fresh mining leases across Delhi, Haryana, Rajasthan, and Gujarat.
Aravalli Range
Location – The Aravalli Range, stretching over approximately 692 kilometers (430 miles) in a northeastern direction, traverses the Indian states of Gujarat, Rajasthan, and Haryana before culminating in Delhi
Uniqueness – It is the oldest mountain range in India.
Significance – The Aravallis serve as a natural barrier against desertification, and helps regulate the climate, supports diverse ecosystems, and acts as a watershed for several rivers, including the Sabarmati, Luni, and Banas.
Aravalli Green Wall Project (AGWP)
It is a major initiative aimed at restoring 1.15 million hectares of degraded land across four states in northwestern India (Haryana, Rajasthan, Gujarat, and Delhi).
National Goals: The project is part of India’s effort to achieve the national goal of creating an additional 2.5 billion tonnes of carbon sink by 2030.
Broader Impact: The project contributes to India’s commitments under international conventions such as:
UNCCD (United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification),
CBD (Convention on Biological Diversity),
UNFCCC (United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change).
Objectives and Features of AGWP: The project focuses on combating desertification, land degradation, and drought.
India Tops Global Doping Violations: WADA Report 2024
Health
In News
The World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) Report 2024 has ranked India as the worst doping offender globally for the third consecutive year.
Doping and its Concerns
Doping refers to the practice of using banned chemical substances, known as performance enhancing drugs (PEDs), by athletes.
Global efforts to tackle Doping
Copenhagen Declaration
Held in – Copenhagen Declaration on Anti-Doping in Sport was agreed upon by governments at the Second World Conference on Doping in Sport held in Copenhagen, Denmark in 2003.
Purpose – The declaration was the political document through which governments signalled their intention to formally recognise and implement the World Anti-Doping Code.
Significance – This declaration was the first step toward the preparation of the UNESCO International Convention against doping in sports.
India agreed to this declaration in the year 2003.
International Convention Against Doping in Sport
It is also known as the ‘UNESCO Anti-Doping Convention’.
It was adopted at the General Conference of UNESCO in Paris in 2005. It entered into force in 2007.
Objective –To promote the prevention of and the fight against doping in sports, with a view to its elimination.
India ratified this convention in 2007.
Note – National Anti-Doping Agency, an autonomous body under the Ministry of Youth Affairs, is responsible for adopting, implementing and enforcing anti-doping programmes in India.
World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA)
Founded in 1999 following the Lausanne Declaration
It is headquartered in Montreal, Canada, with regional offices in Lausanne (Europe), Cape Town (Africa), and Montevideo (Latin America).
The agency publishes the World Anti-Doping Code and the annual prohibited list.
India’s Efforts to Tackle Doping
National Anti-Doping Act, 2022: This landmark legislation gave the National Anti-Doping Agency (NADA) and the National Dope Testing Laboratory (NDTL) statutory status.
National Anti-Doping (Amendment) Bill, 2025 recently introduced to strengthen institutional autonomy.
India is a signatory to the UNESCO International Convention Against Doping in Sport.
Athlete Passport Management Unit (APMU): A dedicated unit at NDTL was inaugurated in 2025 to monitor the Biological Passport of athletes.
NIDAMS Portal: The NADA India Data Administration and Management System was launched in 2025. It digitalizes the entire process—from planning tests and generating mission orders for Doping Control Officers (DCOs).
“Know Your Medicine” (KYM) App: A mobile tool that allows athletes to scan or search medicines to check if they contain substances prohibited by WADA.
Pamir Mountains/ Pamir-Karakoram Anomaly
Geography
Context
Ice cores from the Pamir Mountains are being studied to understand why its glaciers have resisted melting despite global warming.
Pamir–Karakoram Anomaly
It refers to the unusual behaviour of glaciers in parts of the Pamir and Karakoram ranges.
Unlike most glaciers worldwide, these glaciers have:
Shown resistance to melting, and
Experienced slight mass gain in recent decades.
This makes the region scientifically significant for understanding glacier–climate interactions.
Pamir Mountains
Geology:Formed by the collision of the Indian and Eurasian tectonic plates, making it a seismically active zone.
Location: Spans parts of Tajikistan, Afghanistan, China, and Kyrgyzstan.
The Pamir Mountains, also known as the “Roof of the World,” form a massive convergence zone (Pamir Knot) with the Himalayas, Karakoram, Hindu Kush, Kunlun, and Tian Shan ranges.
Ancient Routes: Historically part of the Silk Road, with Marco Polo referencing the area.
Major Peaks & Features: Ismoil Somoni Peak (Tajikistan), Kongur Tagh (China), Muztagh Ata (China) etc.
Tajik National Park: A large protected area encompassing much of the Pamirs, a UNESCO World Heritage site.
Drainage System: The Pamirs are heavily glaciated, with the Fedchenko Glacier being the largest glacier in Central Asia.
Meltwater from glaciers feeds major rivers such as, Panj River and Vakhsh River. These rivers are part of the Amu Darya river system, crucial for Central Asia.
Exercise Desert Cyclone 2025
Defence
Context
India-UAE Joint Military Exercise Desert Cyclone is going to begin in UAE.
About the exercise
The first edition of Exercise Desert Cyclone was held in 2024 in Rajasthan, India.
The aim of the exercise is to enhance interoperability and foster defence cooperation between the Indian Army and the UAE Land Forces
Navy Inducts Second Seahawks Squadron
Defence
Context
The Indian Navy commissioned its second MH 60R helicopter squadron, INAS 335, at INS Hansa in Goa.
Seahawks Squadron
Twenty-four of these submarine-hunting helicopters have been acquired by India from the US.
These are US-origin Seahawks, maritime versions of the Black Hawk.
The helicopter is designed for a wide range of operations: anti-submarine warfare (ASW), anti-surface warfare (ASuW), search and rescue (SAR) missions.
These helicopters are replacing the ageing British-origin Sea King helicopters, which have been in service for long.
Param Vir Chakra (PVC)
Miscellaneous
Context
Portraits of all 21 Param Vir Chakra (PVC) awardees have been installed at Rashtrapati Bhavan, replacing the portraits of 96 British Aide-de-Camps (ADCs).
This move is part of the government’s broader effort to dismantle colonial legacies.
Param Vir Chakra
It was instituted on 26 January 1950 (Republic Day) by Dr. Rajendra Prasad, the first President of India.
The name Param Vir Chakra translates to “Wheel of the Ultimate Brave.”
The medal was designed by Savitri Khanolkar, who drew inspiration from Sage Dadhichi, the Vedic rishi who sacrificed his body so that the gods could forge the Vajra (thunderbolt) from his spine.
The medal is cast in bronze. In the centre, on a raised circle, is the state emblem, surrounded by four replicas of Indra’s Vajra, flanked by the sword of Shivaji. It is suspended from a swivelling bar and worn with a 32 mm purple ribbon.
Additional Information – Gallantry Awards
Honoured by – Government of India
It is given to honour acts of bravery, sacrifice, and exceptional courage by members of the armed forces, paramilitary forces, and civilians.
They are classified as wartime (gallantry in the face of enemy) and peacetime awards.
Administered by:Ministry of Defence (for armed forces) and Ministry of Home Affairs (for police and civilians).
Awarded by: President of India.
These gallantry awards are announced twice in a year – first on the occasion of the Republic Day and then on the occasion of the Independence Day.
Wartime Gallantry Awards: Param Vir Chakra (PVC), Mahavir Chakra (MVC) and Vir Chakra.
The President of India administered the oath of office to Raj Kumar Goyal as the Chief Information Commissioner of the Central Information Commission.
Central Information Commission (CIC)
Established – in 2005 by the Central Government under the provisions of Right to Information (RTI) Act, 2005.
Objective – It hears appeals against public authorities who have not provided information satisfactorily to the public and also addresses major issues concerning the RTI Act.
Annual report – CIC submits an annual report to the Union government on the implementation of the provisions of RTI Act.
Composition of CIC
Head – The CIC is headed by the Chief Information Commissioner and not more than ten Information Commissioners.
Tenure – The Chief Information Commissioner holds office for five years or until he attains the age of 65 years, whichever is earlier. He is not eligible for reappointment.
Appointment of the commissioner in CIC – The commissioners are appointed by the President on the recommendation of a selection committee.
Selection committee – It consists of the Prime Minister as Chairperson, the Leader of Opposition in the Lok Sabha and a Union Cabinet Minister nominated by the Prime Minister.
State Information Commission
The Right to Information Act of 2005 provides for the creation of a State Information Commission at the state level.
The State Information Commission is a high powered independent body which inter-alia looks into the complaints made to it and decides the appeals.
It entertains complaints and appeals pertaining to offices, financial institutions, public sector undertakings, etc under the concerned state government.
Composition – State Chief Information Commissioner and not more than ten State Information Commissioners appointed by the Governor.
Siliserh Lake and Kopra Jalashay Designated as New Ramsar Sites
Environment
Context
India designated Siliserh Lake and Kopra Jalashay as its 95th and 96th Ramsar Sites, increasing the country’s total to 96, up from 26 in 2014.
Newly Designated Ramsar Sites:
Siliserh Lake:
It is a man-made freshwater lake, constructed in 1845 by Maharaja Vinay Singh of Alwar.
It was originally built to meet the drinking water needs of Alwar city.
The lake is situated close to the Sariska Tiger Reserve, enhancing its ecological significance.
Kopra Jalashay:
Located near Bilaspur, this is the first-ever Ramsar site in Chhattisgarh.
It is a reservoir situated in the upper catchment of the Mahanadi River and serves as a freshwater source and biodiversity habitat.
Perumbidugu Mutharaiyar
Ancient History
Context
A commemorative postage stamp in honour of the king Perumbidugu Mutharaiyar II (Suvaran Maran) was released by Vice President C P Radhakrishnan.
Perumbidugu Mutharaiyar (705 AD-745 AD),
He was also known as Suvaran Maran, was a ruler of the Mutharaiyar lineage, feudatories of the Pallavas.
He belonged to the illustrious Mutharaiyar dynasty, which ruled the central regions of Tamil Nadu between the 7th and 9th centuries CE.
He ruled from Tiruchirappalli for nearly four decades and that his reign was marked by administrative stability, territorial expansion, cultural patronage, and military prowess.
Perumbidugu Mutharaiyar is believed to have fought bravely in several battles alongside the Pallava king Nandivarman, and is remembered as a great administrator.
Religious Policies: The Pallava reign saw a religious revivalism of Hinduism amid the dominance of Jainism and Buddhism.
As their feudatories, the Mutharaiyars were great temple builders.
PM Visit to Jordan
International Relation
Context
Prime Minister Narendra Modi concluded his two-day visit to Jordan.
The visit marks India’s first full bilateral engagement with Jordan and comes as the two countries prepare to celebrate 75 years of diplomatic relations.
Five memoranda of understanding were finalized covering culture, renewable energy, water management, digital public infrastructure and a twinning arrangement between the historic sites of Petra and Ellora.
India is Jordan’s third-largest trading partner, Prime Minister Modi proposed enhancing bilateral trade to $5 billion over the next five years.
He also encouraged collaboration between Jordan’s digital payment system and India’s Unified Payments Interface.
Note – Jordan is a leading supplier of phosphates and potash fertilizers for India.
Additional Information – Jordan
West Asian country in the Middle East.
Borders: Israel & Palestine (West), Saudi Arabia (South & East), Iraq (East), Syria (North).
Dead Sea is a landlocked salt lake between Israel and Jordan in southwestern Asia.
Landlocked except for a short coastline at Aqaba (Red Sea).
UN Alliance of Civilizations (UNAOC)
International Relation
In News
The United Nations Alliance of Civilizations (UNAOC) has completed two decades of efforts aimed at bridging divides, reducing polarization, and promoting intercultural dialogue.
UN Alliance of Civilizations (UNAOC)
Secretariat: New York
Launched: 2005
Initiated by: Republic of Türkiye & Spain, under the auspices of the United Nations.
Objectives:
Improve cross-cultural and inter-religious relations between nations and communities.
To counter polarisation, extremism, xenophobia and hate speech.
Promote mutual understanding, inclusion, and peaceful coexistence.
Relevance for India- Aligns with India’s civilisational ethos of pluralism and “Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam”.
National Blood Transfusion Bill 2025
Polity & Governance
Context
The National Blood Transfusion Bill, 2025 was introduced in Parliament to establish a dedicated legal and institutional framework for blood transfusion services in India.
National Blood Transfusion Bill 2025
Background – Blood transfusion services are regulated under the Drugs and Cosmetics Act, 1940, which is considered inadequate for managing blood as a life-saving public resource.
Key Provisions of the National Blood Transfusion Bill, 2025
Establishment of a National Blood Transfusion Authority (NBTA) as a statutory body.
NBTA to prescribe uniform national standards for:
Collection, testing and processing of blood
Storage, distribution, issuance and transfusion of blood and blood components.
Mandatory registration of all blood centres across the country.
Introduction of strict penalties for unsafe, unethical or non-compliant practices.
Promotion of voluntary blood donation through coordinated national programmes.
Creation of a national haemovigilance system to monitor transfusion-related adverse events.
DHRUV64
Science & Technology
In News
India has launched the DHRUV64 microprocessor.
DHRUV64
Type: General-purpose microprocessor
Developed By: Centre for Development of Advanced Computing (C-DAC) under the Microprocessor Development Programme (MDP) of the Government of India.
Architecture: 64-bit, dual-core
Clock Speed: 1.0 GHz
Status: Fully indigenous (design and development in India)
Function: Acts as the “brain” of electronic devices such as computers, mobiles, embedded systems and control units.
Significance
Suitable for 5G infrastructure, automotive, consumer electronics, industrial automation, IoT, and strategic uses
It reduces import dependence amid India’s 20% global microprocessor consumption.
National Energy Conservation Award
Environment
In News
Karnataka Renewable Energy Development Limited (KREDL) has won the National Energy Conservation Awards 2025 under the State Energy Efficiency Performance Award (SDA Group-1) category.
National Energy Conservation Awards (NECA)
Instituted by: Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE)
Ministry: Ministry of Power, Government of India
Objective: Recognise exemplary performance in energy efficiency and conservation
Encourage States, industries and institutions to reduce energy intensity
First instituted: 1991 (as National Energy Conservation Award scheme)
Iran seizes foreign oil tanker carrying 6 million litres of smuggled Diesel in the Gulf of Oman.
Gulf of Oman
The Gulf of Oman is the north-western arm of the Arabian Sea.
Connectivity – It forms a vital maritime corridor connecting the Indian Ocean with the Persian Gulf through the Strait of Hormuz.
Through the Strait of Hormuz, it provides access to the Persian Gulf, making it vital for global oil and LNG trade.
Source: TH
ASPIRE Scheme
Government Schemes
In News
The Ministry of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSME) is implementing the ASPIRE scheme to promote entrepreneurship and livelihood opportunities in rural areas.
ASPIRE scheme
Launch: In 2015 by the Ministry of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises.
Aim: To create an enabling ecosystem for job creation through skill development, incubation and support to micro-enterprises.
Key Components:
Livelihood Business Incubators (LBIs): Support agro-based ventures with grants up to ₹75 lakh (private) or ₹1 crore (government institutions) for training in food processing, handicrafts, and rural trades.
Technology Business Incubators (TBIs): Focus on tech-driven rural innovation with similar funding.
Fund of Funds: Managed by SIDBI with ₹200 crore corpus to back startups in agro-rural sectors.
Do you Know?
● Vendor Development Programmes for SC/ST and women entrepreneurs are being organised under the Public Procurement Policy for MSMEs.
● The ‘Yashasvini Campaign’ was launched in June 2024 to empower women entrepreneurs through awareness on formalisation, access to credit, capacity building and mentorship.
● The ministry is also implementing the Prime Minister’s Employment Generation Programme (PMEGP), a credit-linked subsidy scheme to generate self-employment opportunities through micro-enterprises.
Trade Deficit
Economy
Context
India’s trade deficit dropped by more than 61% in November 2025 to $6.6 billion, due to strong growth in merchandise exports and a fall in merchandise imports.
Trade Deficit
Definition: A trade deficit occurs when the value of a country’s imports exceeds the value of its exports during a given period, leading to a negative Balance of Trade (BoT).
Balance of Trade (BoT) = Total Exports − Total Imports
Types of Trade Deficit:
Merchandise (Goods) Trade Deficit: Difference between exports and imports of physical goods.
Services Trade Deficit / Surplus: Difference between services exports (IT, tourism, finance) and services imports. India typically runs a services surplus.
Bilateral Trade Deficit: Trade deficit with a specific country (e.g., India–China trade deficit)
Indicator of net external demand: Shows whether a country is a net importer or exporter in global trade.
Jumping Genes
Science & Technology
In News
Polar bears in Southern Greenland show rapid genetic changes linked to jumping genes that may help them survive warming Arctic conditions.
Jumping Genes
Jumping genes, scientifically called Transposable Elements (TEs), are DNA sequences that can move (transpose) from one location to another within the genome.
They were discovered by Barbara McClintock in maize (corn), for which she received the Nobel Prize (1983).
In humans, they constitute 45% of the genome.
AH-64E Apache Attack Helicopters
Defence
Context
The Indian Army received the final batch of three AH-64E Apache attack helicopters.
AH-64E Apache Attack Helicopters
The Apaches were contracted in 2020 under a $600 million deal with the United States.
The AH-64E Apache is regarded as the world’s most advanced multi-role combat helicopter.
It is equipped with cutting-edge avionics, sensors and weapon systems, and capable of operating in all weather and terrain conditions.
Viksit Bharat – Guarantee for Rozgar and Ajeevika Mission (Gramin) Bill, 2025
Polity & Governance
Context
The Union Minister of Rural Development and Agriculture & Farmers’ Welfare introduced the Viksit Bharat – Guarantee for Rozgar and Ajeevika Mission (Gramin): Bill, 2025 in Lok Sabha.
Viksit Bharat – Guarantee for Rozgar and Ajeevika Mission (Gramin) Bill, 2025
It will replace the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act, 2005 (MGNREGA).
The move will mark a shift from a “demand-driven framework” to a “supply-driven scheme”.
Key Statutory Provisions
Enhanced Livelihood Guarantee: It will enhance the statutory wage employment guarantee to 125 from 100 days per rural household in every financial year, for adults who volunteer to undertake unskilled manual work.
Centrally Sponsored Scheme: The scheme will be implemented as a Centrally Sponsored Scheme with shared responsibilities between the Centre and States.
The fund sharing pattern will be 90:10 for North-Eastern and Himalayan States/UT and 60:40 for all other States.
Normative Allocation to States based: States will ensure transparent and need-based intra-State distribution of funds across Districts and Gram Panchayats, taking into account the category of the Panchayats and local developmental needs.
Wage rate specification: Wage rates for unskilled manual work will be specified by the Central Government; until separate rates are notified, existing MGNREGA wage rates will apply.
Securing peak agricultural seasons: States will be empowered to notify in advance, a period aggregating to 60 days in a financial year covering peak sowing and harvesting during which works under the Bill will not be undertaken, facilitating sufficient farm labour at critical times.
Unemployment allowance: If eligible applicants are not provided work within the stipulated period, State Governments will be obliged to pay unemployment allowance.
State schemes within six months: Every State Government must notify its Scheme to operationalise the guarantee within six months of the Bill’s commencement.
VGPP based planning: Planning will be undertaken through Viksit Gram Panchayat Plans, prepared by Gram Panchayats and integrated with national spatial planning systems.
Institutional Oversight: The Central Gramin Rozgar Guarantee Council and the State Gramin Rozgar Guarantee Councils shall be constituted for review, monitoring and effective implementation of the provisions of the legislation in their respective areas.
Supriya Sahu, a Tamil Nadu IAS officer honoured with the UN Environment Programme’s 2025 Champions of the Earth Award.
Do you know?
In 2000, Supriya Sahu launched a campaign called Operation Blue Mountain to eliminate single-use plastic in the Nilgiris.
She introduced low-cost climate solutions, from painting school roofs white under the Cool Roof Projectto restoring mangroves, wetlands, and creating 65 new reserve forests.
Her nature-first approach has created 2.5 million green jobs and contributed significantly to India’s national emissions-reduction goals.
Champions of the Earth Award
Launched in 2005
It is the UN’s highest environmental honor.
It recognizes outstanding figures from the public and private sectors as well as civil society, whose actions have brought about a positive impact and a transformation on the environment.
It is awarded across five categories:
Policy Leadership
Entrepreneurial Vision
Science and Innovation
Lifetime Achievement
Inspiration and Action (Supriya Sahu has been honored in this category).
Past Indian recipients include: Madhav Gadgil (2024), Narendra Modi (2018), Cochin International Airport (2018) and Afroz Shah (2016).
Deepavali Added to UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage List
Syllabus: GS1/ Culture
Context
Deepavali has been inscribed on UNESCO’s Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity during the 20th Session of the Intergovernmental Committee, held in New Delhi.
India is hosting the 20th session of the UNESCO Intergovernmental Committee for Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage, 2025 in Red Fort complex, New Delhi.
Deepavali
Deepavali, also known as Diwali, is celebrated on Kartik Amaavasya, which typically falls in October or Novem
It is followed by Naraka Chaturdashi.
The third day is the highlight of Deepavali- the sacred Lakshmi-Ganesha Puja.
Popular Legends of Deepavali
In the Ramayana, it signifies the return of Lord Rama, Sita, and Lakshmana to Ayodhya after 14 years of exile and their victory over Ravana, celebrated with lamps lighting their path.
In the Mahabharata, it marks the return of the Pandavas after their exile.
Naraka Chaturdashi recalls Lord Krishna’s victory over Narakasura, symbolising the end of evil.
Lord Mahavira, the 24th Tirthankar, attained Nirvana on Deepavali at Pavapuri. Jain devotees celebrate this festival with enthusiasm as Nirvana Day.
King Bali’s Return: In Maharashtra, Deepavali marks the visit of King Bali, symbolising justice and generosity.
Kali Puja: In Bengal, Odisha and Assam, Deepavali coincides with the worship of Goddess Kali for protection and inner strength.
Connect with the basics – Intangible Cultural Heritage
UNESCO defines “intangible” as “expressions that have:
Passed from one generation to another.
Evolved in response to their environments.
Contributed to giving us a sense of identity and continuity.
According to an official document by UNESCO, ‘intangible cultural heritage’ includes “oral traditions, performing arts, social practices, rituals, festive events, knowledge and practices concerning nature and the universe or the knowledge and skills to produce traditional crafts.”
To date, 16 Indian elements have been inscribed on the UNESCO Representative List (including Deepavali)
Garba of Gujarat (2023)
Durga Puja in Kolkata (2021)
Kumbh Mela (2017)
Navroz (2016)
Yoga (2016)
Traditional brass and copper craft of utensil making among the Thatheras of Jandiala Guru, Punjab (2014)
Sankirtana, ritual singing, drumming and dancing of Manipur (2013)
Buddhist chanting of Ladakh: recitation of sacred Buddhist texts in the trans-Himalayan Ladakh region, Jammu and Kashmir (2012)
Chhau dance (2010)
Kalbelia folk songs and dances of Rajasthan (2010)
Mudiyettu, ritual theatre and dance drama of Kerala (2010)
Ramman, religious festival and ritual theatre of the Garhwal Himalayas (2009)
Kutiyattam, Sanskrit theatre (2008)
Tradition of Vedic chanting (2008)
Ramlila, the traditional performance of the Ramayana (2008)
Deepavali (2025) – Recently added
World Inequality Report 2026 Released
Syllabus: GS2/Social Issues; GS3/Inclusive Growth
Context
The 3rd edition of the World Inequality Report was released by the World Inequality Lab.
Key Findings of Report
Wealth Concentration: The richest 10% of the global population own approximately 75% of the total wealth
Focus on India
India is identified as one of the most unequal large economies globally.
Income: The top 10% of earners capture 58% of the national income, while the bottom 50% receive only 15%.
Wealth: The richest 10% hold around 65% of India’s total wealth, and the top 1% alone hold about 40%.
Gender: Female labor force participation remains very low and stagnant at 15.7%
Aditya-L1 Joins Global Effort To Study the Solar Storm
Syllabus: GS3/ Science and Technology
Context
India’s solar observatory Aditya-L1 has revealed unusual behaviour of the May 2024 solar storm called “Gannon’s storm”. It was triggered by a series of giant explosions on the Sun known as Coronal Mass Ejections (CMEs).
Solar Storm
The solar storm is composed of a series of giant explosions on the Sun, known as coronal mass ejections (CMEs).
A CME is like a massive bubble of hot gas and magnetic energy thrown out from the Sun into space.
Impact on earth – When these bubbles hit Earth, they can shake earth’s magnetic shield and cause serious trouble for satellites, communication systems, GPS, and even power grids.
Additional information – Aditya-L1 mission
Uniqueness – Aditya-L1 is the first space-based Indian observatory to study the Sun. It will be launched by the PSLV-C57.
Note – The solar mission will not see the spacecraft actually go to the sun, it will instead create a space observatory at a point from which the sun can be observed even during an eclipse.
The spacecraft is planned to be placed in a halo orbit around the Lagrange point 1 (L1), around 1.5 million km from the Earth, of the Sun-Earth system.
Major objectives of the mission
The mission will focus on study of the Solar upper atmospheric (chromosphere and corona) dynamics.
It will also identify what drives space weather, along with the origin, composition and dynamics of the solar wind.
Other missions to Sun
NASA’s Parker Solar Probe, launched in 2018, has already gone far closer — but it will be looking away from the Sun.
Helios 2 solar probe, a joint venture between NASA and the space agency of erstwhile West Germany,was launched to investigate solar processes of the Sun’s surface in 1976.
Global Environment Outlook
Syllabus: GS3/Environment
Context
The Global Environment Outlook, Seventh Edition: A Future We Choose (GEO-7), was released during the seventh session of the United Nations Environment Assembly in Nairobi.
Global Environment Outlook (GEO)
Published by – United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)
Mandate – to provide a comprehensive assessment of the planet’s environmental health
Significance – To bridge the gap between science and policy by providing data-driven insights and policy options to guide global action towards sustainable development
Latest Edition: The 7th edition, GEO-7, titled “A Future We Choose”, was released in December 2025.
Key Findings of the GEO-7 Report (2025)
Climate Change & Tipping Points: Global warming is accelerating, with the world already having warmed by approximately 1.3°C.
Pollution & Health: Approximately 9 million deaths globally are attributed annually to air, water, and soil pollution. Air pollution alone causes millions of premature deaths each year.
Biodiversity Loss & Land Degradation: One million species are at risk of extinction, and 20-40% of land is degraded, affecting over 3 billion people.
Swahid Diwas
Syllabus: GS1/History; GS2/Governance
In News
Prime Minister Narendra Modi honoured the courage of those who participated in the historic Assam Movement on Swahid Diwas.
Swahid Diwas
It is observed annually on December 10
Objective – to honour those who sacrificed their lives during the Assam Movement
Assam Movement
It was a mass agitation launched in 1979 by the Assam Students’ Union (ASU) and the All Assam Gana Sangram Parishad (AAGSP) against large-scale infiltration from Bangladesh.
The movement culminated in 1985 with the signing of the historic Assam Accord.
The accord ensures detection and deportation of illegal foreigners and guarantees constitutional, legislative, and administrative safeguards to protect Assamese identity, culture, and heritage.
Asian Development Bank (ADB)
Syllabus: GS3/ Economy
In News
The Asian Development Bank (ADB) has raised India’s growth forecast for FY26 to 7.2%, from 6.5%.
About ADB
ADB was established in 1966 as a regional development bank to promote social and economic development in Asia and the Pacific.
Its headquarters is in Mandaluyong, Manila, Philippines.
Its membership includes both regional (Asia-Pacific) and non-regional countries, with around two-thirds of UNESCAP members plus developed donor countries participating.
India joined ADB in 1966 as a founding member.
Major shareholders include Japan and the United States (15.6% each), followed by China (6.4%), India (6.3%) and Australia (5.8%), reflecting both regional and non‑regional stake.
GlowCas9
Syllabus: GS3/ Science & Technology
In News
GlowCas9 is a newly engineered variant of the CRISPR Cas9 enzyme that emits light while editing DNA.
GlowCas9
It is a bioluminescent Cas9 created at the Bose Institute, Kolkata, by fusing Cas9 with a split nano‑luciferase enzyme derived from deep‑sea shrimp proteins.
Connect with the basics – Gene Editing Technology
It refers to technology that permits the change of an organism’s DNA by allowing genetic material to be added, removed, or altered at particular locations in the genome.
CRISPR Cas9 Technology
Acronym – Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats.
Significance – With the use of the gene editing technique CRISPR, researchers can modify the DNA of living things.
An enzyme called Cas9 functions as molecular scissors, guided by RNA molecules created to precisely match a certain DNA sequence.
GE (Genome Editing): Involves precise modification of specific genes within an organism’s genome without introducing foreign genes, resulting in targeted genetic changes.
GM (Genetically Modified): Involves the insertion of foreign genes from unrelated organisms into an organism’s genome to confer specific traits or characteristics.
Regulatory Bodies
GEAC (Genetic Engineering Appraisal Committee): It is a regulatory body under the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC).GEAC is responsible for evaluating and approving genetically modified organisms (GMOs)
Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety (CPB): Ensures safe handling of GMOs that may impact biodiversity under the Convention on Biological Diversity. Nagoya-Kuala Lumpur.
CITES Conference of the Parties (CoP20)
Syllabus: GS3/ Environment
Context
The 20th meeting of the Conference of the Parties (CoP20) to the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Flora and Fauna (CITES) has concluded in Samarkand, Uzbekistan, marking the 50th anniversary of the Convention.
CITES
Abbreviation – Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Flora & Fauna
CITES was conceptualized in 1963 at a meeting of the (IUCN) International Union For Conservation of Nature.
Establishment – It came into force in 1975 and consists of 183 member-countries
Headquarter – Geneva, Switzerland,
Administered by – United Nations under its UNEP (United Nations Environment Programme) Wing.
CITES is legally binding on the Parties; it does not take the place of national laws.
Appendices
Appendix 1 – It lists species that are threatened with extinction and are or may be affected by trade.
Appendix 2 – This list includes species not necessarily threatened with extinction, but in which trade must be controlled in order to avoid utilization incompatible with their survival.
Appendix 3 – It contains species that are protected in at least one country, which has asked other CITES Parties for assistance in controlling the trade.
Great Barrier Reef
Syllabus: GS3/ Environment
In News
A combination of extreme heat stress and a rare coral disease has wiped out 75 per cent of Goniopora colonies at a site on the Great Barrier Reef.
CORAL REEFS
Coral reefs are the most biologically diverse ecosystems of the planet.
They are formed when Coral polyps, the animals primarily responsible for building reefs, develop a symbiotic relationship with photosynthetic algae called zooxanthellae, which live in its tissues.
Formation – Coral reefs begin to form when free-swimming coral larvae attach to submerged rocks or other hard surfaces along the edges of islands or continents.
The coral provides a protected environment and the compounds zooxanthellae need for photosynthesis.
In return, the algae produce carbohydrates that the coral uses for food, as well as oxygen. The algae also helps the coral remove waste.
FAVOURABLE CONDITIONS FOR FORMATION
Warm tropical oceans with minimum temperature of 20 degree (30 degree north and 25 degree south latitudes)
Oceanic water free of sedimentation
Transparent parts of ocean bodies
Relatively low salinity ocean bodies
TYPES OF REEF FORMATIONS
Fringing reefs – They are the most common, projecting seaward directly from the shore, forming borders along the shoreline and surrounding islands.
Barrier reefs – Grow at border shorelines, but at a greater distance. They are separated from their adjacent land mass by a lagoon of open, often deep water.
Atoll – If a fringing reef forms around a volcanic island that subsides completely below sea level while the coral continues to grow upward, an atoll forms. Atolls are usually circular or oval, with a central lagoon.
When corals face stress by changes in conditions such as temperature, light, or nutrients, they expel the symbiotic algae zooxanthellae living in their tissues, causing them to turn completely white. This phenomenon is called coral bleaching.
Causes of Coral Bleaching
● Rise in Sea Temperature
● Ocean Acidification
● Solar radiation & ultraviolet
radiation
● Infectious Diseases
● Chemical Pollution
● Increased Sedimentation
● Reducing light availability
(Turbidity)
● Human Induced Threats
Western Tragopan
Syllabus: GS3/Species
In News
Recent studies show that suitable habitats of western tragopan exist in Jammu & Kashmir but human disturbance and fragmentation still threaten the bird’s survival.
Western Tragopan
It is one of India’s rarest pheasants and Himachal Pradesh’s state bird.
It now survives only in small fragmented pockets across the western Himalayas.
The IUCN estimates only 3,000–9,500 mature individuals remain
Threats: It faces threats due to habitat loss, hunting, and other anthropogenic factors.
The IUCN Red List of Threatened species classified it as
Conservation efforts – The Sarahan pheasantry in Shimla has over the years seen successful captive breeding of western tragopan.
Syllabus: GS2/Governance; GS3/Science and Technology
In News
The Supreme Court ruled that forced or involuntary narco tests are unconstitutional and invalid.
Narco Test
It is a process of investigation during which it is expected that the accused, undergoing such a test, would express the concealed facts.
In this test the accused is sedated by administering a certain class of substances. For example – Sodium Pentothal, to reduce a subject’s inhibitions and reasoning ability.
It is a non-violent method similar to those called polygraphs or brain mapping.
Legality of Narco Test
Selvi guidelines – SC ruled that any test conducted without free consent is unconstitutional and its results cannot be used as evidence.
Article 20 – It protects against ex-post facto laws, double jeopardy, and self-incrimination.
Article 21 – It also violates the Right to Privacy under
Articles 14 and 19 – It safeguards personal liberty and democratic principles.
Manoj Kumar Saini v. State of MP (2023) and Vinobhai v. State of Kerala (2025) – SC court held that narco test results alone do not prove guilt and must be corroborated with other evidence.
India’s 1st Hydrogen Fuel Cell Passenger Vessel
Syllabus: GS3/Environment
In News
India launched its first fully indigenous hydrogen fuel cell passenger vessel at Varanasi, marking a major step in green maritime transport.
India’s 1st Hydrogen Fuel Cell Passenger Vessel
Built by – Cochin Shipyard Ltd and owned by the Inland Waterways Authority of India (IWAI).
Hydrogen fuel-cell systems based on Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) technology represent a key frontier in India’s clean energy and green mobility transition.
A Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC) generates electricity through an electrochemical reaction between hydrogen and oxygen without combustion, making it a clean and efficient power source.
Importance
The launch supports India’s net-zero by 2070 target and aligns with Maritime India Vision 2030 and Maritime Amrit Kaal Vision 2047, promoting clean, sustainable waterways.
The vessel offers noise-free, pollution-free travel, reduces road congestion, boosts tourism, and showcases fully indigenous green technology.
Red-Shanked Douc Monkeys
Syllabus: GS3/ Environment
Context
A passenger at the Kempegowda International Airport has been arrested for allegedly smuggling two Red-Shanked Doucs Monkeys.
Red-Shanked Douc Monkey(Pygathrix nemaeus)
It is a highly colorful Old World monkey species, often called the “Queen of Primates”.
Distribution: It is an arboreal, diurnal primate native to the forests of Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia.
Habitat – They live in the forest canopy in evergreen and semi-evergreen forests up to 2,000 meters (6,600 feet) in elevation.
Appearance: They are known for their distinctive appearance including a gray body, maroon-red lower legs, white forearms and tail, and an orange-yellow face with light blue eyelids.
Males are distinguished by white spots on their rump.
IUCN Status: Critically Endangered.
Subansiri Lower Hydel Project
Syllabus: GS3/Infrastructure
Context
The Environment Ministry has turned down a NHPC proposal to use assets located on forest land as collateral to raise funds for the Subansiri Lower hydel project.
Subansiri Lower hydel project.
Location: On the Subansiri River, a tributary of the Brahmaputra.
Situated at Gerukamukh on the Arunachal Pradesh–Assam border.
Capacity & Type: It has a total installed capacity: 2,000 MW (8 × 250 MW).
Strategic Importance:
Enhances clean energy generation in the Northeast.
Strengthens grid stability and supports India’s renewable energy goals.
First Indigenous Diving Support Craft ‘DSC A20’
Syllabus: GS3/ Defence
Context
The Indian Navy is going to commission DSC A20, the first vessel of the indigenously designed and constructed Diving Support Craft (DSC), at Kochi under the aegis of Southern Naval Command.
DSC A20
It is one of five Diving Support Craft built by M/s Titagarh Rail Systems Limited (TRSL), Kolkata.
The ship offers superior stability, enhanced deck area, and improved seakeeping characteristics, and has a displacement of approximately 390 ton
With its induction, the Indian Navy’s capability in diving support, underwater inspection, salvage assistance, and coastal operational deployment will be substantially strengthened.
