Author: instakas

  • Abhidhamma Divas | Supermoon | Moscow Format Talks | Polar Silk Road | Operation HAECHI-VI | PM Gati Shakti National Master Plan

    Abhidhamma Divas

    Syllabus :GS1/History

    In News

    • The International Buddhist Confederation (IBC), in collaboration with Gautam Buddha University (GBU), Antarrashtriya Baudh Shodh Sansthan and the Ministry of Culture celebrated International Abhidhamma Day

    Abhidhamma Divas

    • It commemorates the Buddha’s descent from the Tāvatiṃsa Heaven after imparting Abhidhamma teachings.
    • According to tradition, after attaining enlightenment, the Buddha spent three months in the Tāvatiṃsa Heaven. He taught the Abhidhamma to his mother, Māyā, who had passed away and was reborn there.

    Significance in Modern Times:

    • Abhidhamma Divas encourages mindfulness, self-reflection, and spiritual growth.
    • It reinforces the core values of Buddhism, including compassion and the pursuit of wisdom.
    • The observance also highlights the importance of connecting with the teachings of the Buddha to lead a life of peace and purpose.

    Supermoon

    Syllabus: GS1/Geography

    Context

    • The Supermoon, also known as the Harvest Moon, was observed recently.

    Supermoon

    • A supermoon occurs when a full moon or new moon coincides with the moon’s closest approach to the earth in its elliptical orbit — a point known as the perigee.
    • Because the moon’s orbit is not a perfect circle, its distance from the earth varies throughout the month by around 50,000 km.
    • When the moon is near its perigee and also directly opposite the sun, the full moon appears about 14% larger and 30% brighter than when it is at its farthest point. This is the supermoon.
    • Culturally, supermoons have long captured human imagination, inspiring folklore and spiritual observances across civilisations.
    • The term “supermoon” was first used by astrologer Richard Nolle in the 1970s and is now common in astronomy and the media.

    Moscow Format Talks

    Syllabus: GS2/ International Relation

    In News

    • India, China, Pakistan attend 10-nation Moscow Format talk.

    Moscow Format Talks

    • Established in – 2017
    • Objective – It is a regional diplomatic initiative to address the Afghanistan conflict, promote stability, and foster national reconciliation.
    • Significance – It serves as a platform for regional countries to coordinate on Afghan peace and stability.
    • Members – India, Afghanistan, China, Iran, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Pakistan, Russia, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan.

    Polar Silk Road

    Syllabus: GS2/ International Relation

    In News

    • The Chinese ship “Istanbul Bridge” became the first commercial vessel to sail from Ningbo-Zhoushan (China) to Felixstowe (UK) via the Arctic in 18 days, marking the operational launch of the Polar Silk Route.

    Polar Silk Road

    • The Polar Silk Road is a part of China’s broader Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), envisioned as a “blue economic corridor” through the Arctic Ocean.
    • It focuses on developing navigable Arctic sea routes connecting East Asia, North America, and Western Europe via the Northern Sea Route (NSR) along Russia’s coast.
    • Significance – It establishes a new shipping corridor between Asia and Europe — shorter and more cost-effective than the Suez Canal route.

    Additional Information – China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI)

    OBOR

    1. One Belt One Road (OBOR) is an ambitious project of China that focuses on connectivity and cooperation among multiple countries spread across the continents of Asia, Africa and Europe. OBOR spans about 78 countries.
    2. Initially announced in the year 2013, the project involves building networks of roadways, railways, maritime ports, power grids, oil and gas pipelines and associated infrastructure projects.

    The project Covers two parts

    • Silk Road Economic Belt – It is land-based and is expected to connect China with Central Asia, Eastern Europe and Western Europe.
    • 21st Century Maritime Silk Road – It is sea-based and is expected to connect China’s southern coast to the Mediterranean, Africa, South-East Asia and Central Asia.

    Operation HAECHI-VI

    Syllabus: GS2/International Institutions; GS3/Cybersecurity

    Context

    • The Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) has arrested eight accused and identified 45 suspects as part of Interpol’s Operation HAECHI-VI.

    Operation HAECHI-VI

    • The operation focused on seven categories of offences:
    1. cyber-enabled financial crime,
    2. voice phishing,
    3. love and romance scams,
    4. online sextortion,
    5. investment fraud,
    6. money laundering linked to illegal online gambling,
    7. business email compromise,
    8. e-commerce fraud.
    • Investigators worked together to detect and disrupt online fraud as well as money laundering activities, blocking over 68,000 associated bank accounts and freezing close to 400 cryptocurrency wallets.

    Additional Information – International Criminal Police Organization (INTERPOL)

    • It is an intergovernmental organization established in
    • Objective – To facilitate worldwide police cooperation and crime control in around 195 countries.
    • Headquarters – Lyon, France

    Different Types of Notices issued by INTERPOL

    • INTERPOL issues various notices to facilitate worldwide police cooperation and crime control.
    1. Red Notice
    • It is issued to seek the arrest of a person.
    • The person is in the wanted list of an international tribunal or in a judicial jurisdiction.
    1. Green Notice
    • It is issued to warn about the criminal activities of a person.
    • It is issued if the person is considered as a possible threat to public safety.
    1. Blue Notice
    • It is issued to obtain information about a person.
    1. Yellow Notice
    • To locate a missing person. It is also issued when a person is unable to identify himself or herself.
    1. Black Notice
    • To seek information about unidentified bodies.
    1. Orange Notice
    • It is issued to process an imminent threat or danger to property or person.
    1. Purple Notice
    • To provide information on procedures, modus operandi, devices or hiding place

    Central Bureau of Investigation

    • Set up in – It was set up in 1963 by a resolution of the Ministry of Home Affairs.
    • Established under – It comes under the administrative control of the Department of Personnel and Training (DoPT) of the Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions.
    • Recommended by – It was established on the recommendation of the Santhanam Committee.
    • Legal status – The CBI is not a statutory body. It derives its powers from the Delhi Special Police Establishment (DSPE) Act, 1946.

    Functions 

    1. The CBI is the main investigating agency of the Central Government.
    2. It also provides assistance to the Central Vigilance Commission and Lokpal.
    3. It is also the nodal police agency in India which coordinates investigations on behalf of Interpol Member countries.

    PM Gati Shakti National Master Plan

    Syllabus: GS3/Infrastructure

    Context

    • The Union Cabinet on Economic Affairs approved four multi-tracking projects under the PM Gati Shakti National Master Plan.
    • These projects span across Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat, and Chhattisgarh, adding about 894 km to the Indian Railways network.

    PM GatiShakti

    • It was launched in – 2021
    • Objective – to enhance the country’s infrastructure and promote seamless connectivity across various sectors.
    • Significance – It is a transformative approach for economic growth and sustainable development which is driven by seven engines – railway, roads, ports, waterways, airports, mass transport and logistics infrastructure.
    • Implementation: PM Gati Shakti will incorporate the infrastructure schemes of various Ministries and State Governments like Bharatmala, Sagarmala, inland waterways, dry/land ports, UDAN etc.

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  • Three new judges of HC assume office

    Three new judges of HC assume office

    News –

    • Chief Justice of the High Court Vibhu Bakhru administered the oath to Justices Geetha Kadaba Bharataraja Setty, Borkatte Muralidhara Pai, and Tyagaraja Narayan Inavally.

    Constitutional Provisions Related to High Courts

    • Articles 214 to 231 in Part VI of the Indian Constitution deal with the provisions related to the High Courts.

    Appointment of Judges of High Court

    • The Chief Justice and other judges of the High Court are appointed by the President of India as can be seen in the following sections.

    Appointment of Chief Justice of High Court

    • The Chief Justice is appointed by the President after consultation with the Governor of the concerned State and the Chief Justice of India.

    Appointment of Other Judges of High Court

    • Other judges of the High Court are appointed by the President after consultation with the Governor of the State, the Chief Justice of India, and the Chief Justice of the concerned High Court.

    Additional information – List of Chief justice of Karnataka Highcourt

    #

    Chief Justice

    Term

    1

    R. Venkataramaiah

    1 November 1956 – 16 July 1957

    2

    S. R. Das Gupta

    25 July 1957 – 13 August 1961

    3

    Nittoor Srinivasa Rau

    29 March 1962 – 7 August 1963

    4

    A. R. Somanath Iyer

    23 November 1969 – 29 December 1969

    5

    M. Sadasivayya

    30 December 1969 – 16 September 1970

    6

    A. Narayana Pai

    17 September 1970 – 6 June 1973

    7

    G. K. Govinda Bhat

    7 June 1973 – 14 December 1977

    8

    D. M. Chandrashekar

    22 March 1978 – 25 September 1982

    9

    K. Bhimaiah

    28 October 1982 – 10 April 1983

    10

    V. S. Malimath

    6 February 1984 – 24 October 1985

    11

    Prem Chand Jain

    28 August 1986 – 16 September 1989

    12

    S. Mohan

    26 October 1989 – 7 October 1991

    13

    S. P. Bharucha

    1 January 1991 – 30 June 1992

    14

    S. B. Majumdar

    2 July 1993 – 13 September 1994

    15

    G. T. Nanavati

    28 September 1994 – 4 March 1995

    16

    M. L. Pendse

    28 July 1995 – 25 March 1996

    17

    S. A. Hakeem

    3 May 1996 – 9 May 1996

    18

    R. P. Sethi

    29 June 1996 – 6 January 1999

    19

    Y. Bhaskar Rao

    9 March 1999 – 26 June 2000

    20

    P. V. Reddi

    21 October 2000 – 16 August 2001

    21

    Nagendra Kumar Jain

    31 August 2001 – 20 October 2004

    22

    Nauvdip Kumar Sodhi

    19 November 2004 – 29 November 2005

    23

    Cyriac Joseph

    7 January 2006 – 6 July 2008

    24

    P. D. Dinakaran

    8 August 2008 – 7 August 2010

    25

    Jagdish Singh Khehar

    8 August 2010 – 12 September 2011

    26

    Vikramajit Sen

    24 December 2011 – 24 December 2012

    27

    Dhirendra Hiralal Waghela

    7 March 2013 – 1 June 2015

    28

    Subhro Kamal Mukherjee

    23 February 2016– 9 October 2017

    29

    Dinesh Maheshwari

    12 February 2018 – 17 January 2019

    30

    Abhay Shreeniwas Oka

    10 May 2019 – 30 August 2021

    31

    Ritu Raj Awasthi

    11 October 2021 – 2 July 2022

    32

    Prasanna B. Varale

    15 October 2022 – 24 January 2024

    33

    P. S. Dinesh Kumar

    3 February 2024 – 24 February 2024

    34

    Nilay Vipinchandra Anjaria

    25 February 2024 – 29 May 2025

    35

    Vibhu Bakhru

    – Incumbent

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  • Pandit Chhannulal Mishra | NATO Pipeline System (NPS) | Aspirational Agriculture Districts | H125 Helicopters | Ladakh Delegates Offered Terms of Article 371 | 100 Years of UPSC : the guardian of meritocracy

    Pandit Chhannulal Mishra

    Syllabus: Personality in News

    Context

    • The Prime Minister has expressed deep sorrow at the passing away of Padma Vibhushan Pandit Chhannulal Mishra ji.

    Pandit Chhannulal Mishra (1936–2025)

    • Born: He was born on August 3, 1936, in Azamgarh U.P.
    • He was a renowned Indian Hindustani classical music singer.
    • Known for his mastery in khayal, Kirana gharana, thumri, dadra, and bhajans as well.
    • Major Honours: Padma Bhushan (2010), Padma Vibhushan (2020), Sangeet Natak Akademi Fellowship
    • Legacy: He is known for rigorous discipline in riyaaz and deep devotion to accuracy.

    NATO Pipeline System (NPS)

    Syllabus: GS2/IR

    In News

    • Recently, Poland announced plans to join NATO Pipeline System (NPS) with a €4.7 billion investment.

    NATO Pipeline System (NPS)

    • Mandate – It was established during the Cold War. It supplies fuel and lubricants to NATO forces with modern flexibility.
    • It spans about 10,000 km across 12 countries, has a storage capacity of 4.1 million cubic meters, and connects depots, air bases, airports, refineries, and transport points.

    Additional Information – North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)

    • NATO, also called the North Atlantic Alliance, is an intergovernmental military alliance.
    • Headquarters: Brussels, Belgium
    • Background: It was established by 12 countries from Europe and North America with the signing of the North Atlantic Treaty (also known as Washington Treaty) in 1949 in Washington, D.C to provide collective security against the Soviet Union attack in the aftermath of World War II.
    • Collective Defense: According to Article 5, NATO works on the principle of collective defense, where an attack on any NATO member is considered an attack on all NATO members. So far, Article 5 has been invoked once – in response to the 9/11 terrorist attacks in the United States in 2001.
    • Members: It comprises 32 member states. Sweden became the 32nd member.

    Aspirational Agriculture Districts

    Syllabus:GS3/Economy

    In News

    • The Centre announced 100 Aspirational Agriculture Districts to be developed under the Prime Minister Dhan-Dhaanya Krishi Yojana (PMDDKY) across 29 states and UTs.
    • Uttar Pradesh leads with 12 districts, followed by Maharashtra (9), Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan (8 each) and Bihar (7).

    Prime Minister Dhan-Dhaanya Krishi Yojana

    • Launched in – The scheme will be launched in partnership with states.

    Key Focus Areas:

    • Enhancing agricultural productivity.
    • Promoting crop diversification and sustainable practices.
    • Expanding post-harvest storage at Panchayat and Block levels.
    • Improving irrigation facilities.
    • Facilitating long-term and short-term credit access.

    Building Rural Prosperity and Resilience Program

    • Purpose: launched in partnership with states to address under-employment in agriculture.
    • Key Focus Areas: Skilling, investment, and technology to invigorate rural economy. Modernizing agriculture with improved productivity and warehousing.
    • Target Beneficiaries: Rural women, young farmers, marginal & small farmers and landless families.

    Additional Information – Aspirational Districts Programme (ADP)

    • Launched in – 2018
    • Objective – It aims to rapidly and effectively transform 112 of the country’s most socio-economically underdeveloped districts.
    • Implementation – NITI Aayog

    H125 Helicopters

    Syllabus: GS3/ Defence

    Context

    • Airbus Helicopters, in partnership with Tata Advanced Systems, is setting up a final assembly line for the Indian made H125 utility helicopter in Vemagal, Karnataka.

    H125 Helicopters

    • The Airbus H125 is a light, single-engine utility helicopter.
    • It is known for its versatility and exceptional performance in high-altitude and high-temperature conditions.
    • The H125 was formerly known as the Eurocopter AS350.
    • The H125 will cater to civil needs like emergency medical services, tourism, disaster relief, and law enforcement,
    • Its military version (H125M) will serve India’s armed forces, especially in high-altitude areas like the Himalayas.

    Ladakh Delegates Offered Terms of Article 371

    Syllabus: GS2/Polity and Governance

    Context

    • Ladakh’s two key socio-political amalgams, Leh Apex Body (LAB) and Kargil Democratic Alliance (KDA) decided to resume talks with the Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) on Statehood and Sixth Schedule.
    • The Centre has reportedly proposed special provisions under Article 371 of the Constitution as a potential alternative to Sixth Schedule status.

    Background

    • In 2019, the former State of Jammu & Kashmir was bifurcated into two Union Territories — Jammu & Kashmir, and Ladakh, the latter without a Legislative Assembly.
    • After its special status was removed, several political groups in Ladakh have been demanding that land, employment, and the cultural identity of Ladakh, should be protected under the Sixth Schedule.
    • In 2019, the National Commission for Scheduled Tribes recommended the inclusion of Ladakh under the Sixth Schedule.

    Sixth Schedule

    • The Sixth Schedule under Article 244 provides for the formation of autonomous administrative divisions — Autonomous District Councils (ADCs) — that have some legislative, judicial, and administrative autonomy within a state.
    • This Schedule contains provisions regarding the administration of tribal areas in the states of Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura and Mizoram.
    • The Schedule also gives ARCs and ADCs the power to collect land revenue, impose taxes, regulate money lending and trading, collect royalties from licenses or leases for the extraction of minerals in their areas, and establish public facilities such as schools, markets, and roads.

    Protections offered under Article 371

    • Articles 371 and 371-A through J provide “special provisions” for specific states, often to give representation to certain religious and social groups and to allow these groups to exercise autonomy over their affairs without interference from the state and central governments.
    • Special provisions under Article 371 would allow protections to be extended to the local population of Ladakh.

    100 Years of UPSC : the guardian of meritocracy

    Syllabus: GS2/Polity and Governance

    Context

    • The Union Public Service Commission (UPSC) marks a century of its establishment on October 1.

    Union Public Service Commission (UPSC)

    • Establishment: The Government of India Act, 1919, first provided for such a body, and in October 1926, the Public Service Commission was set up, following the recommendations of the Lee Commission (1924).
    • Later named the Federal Public Service Commission (1937), it was renamed the Union Public Service Commission with the adoption of India’s Constitution on 26th January 1950.
    • Functions- The UPSC conducts civil services examinations to select officers for the Indian Administrative Service , Indian Foreign Service and the Indian Police Service , among others.
    • Members: Besides the chairman, it can have a maximum of 10 members.
    • Appointment – A UPSC chairman is appointed for a term of six years or until attaining 65 years of age, all members have the same term.
    • Reappointment: The UPSC Chairman is not eligible for reappointment after completing their term.
    • Removal (317): Removal by President:
    1. Can only be done on the ground of misbehaviour.
    2. Requires a Supreme Court inquiry and report confirming the misbehaviour.
    3. Reference to the Supreme Court is made by the President.
    4. Can remove without Supreme Court inquiry if the person: Is adjudged insolvent, engages in paid employment outside office duties, is unfit due to mental or physical infirmity.

    Civil Services Day

    • Civil Services Day is observed on 21st April every year
    • Reason – to commemorate the day in 1947 when Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel addressed the first batch of civil servants at the Metcalfe House, New Delhi.
    • He termed civil servants as the “Steel frame of India,” emphasizing their role in maintaining unity and integrity.

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  • Karnataka sees sharp increase in road accidents

    Karnataka sees sharp increase in road accidents

    News –

    • Among 53 cities across India, Bengaluru is ranked in the top five with a 30.3% increase in accidents; it was preceded by Ranchi (50.3%), Varanasi (46.3%), and Pune (35%)

    Initiatives of Karnataka government to promote road safety

    • Karnataka State Road Safety Authority Act, 2017: The government established the Karnataka State Road Safety Authority to systematically implement road safety programs and manage a dedicated Road Safety Fund.
    • Partnership with SaveLIFE Foundation: The government has signed an MoU with the SaveLIFE Foundation to implement data-driven interventions, including the “Zero Fatality District” (ZFD) programme in high-fatality district This collaboration has already contributed to a significant reduction in fatalities on the Bengaluru-Mysuru Expressway through specific engineering and enforcement measures.
    • “Namma Raste Namma Surakshite” Safe-A-Thon: The Transport Department organizes community events, such as walkathons, marathons, and cyclothons, to promote life-saving habits and general road safety awareness.
    • “Catch the Youth” Program: The Traffic Warden Organisation reaches out to colleges to educate young adults on road safety and discourage wilful violations like overspeeding and riding without helmets.
    • COBRA Patrol Vehicles: Bengaluru traffic police deploys motorbikes for 24/7 patrolling and first response to accidents, breakdowns, and other traffic issues, coordinated via the control room.

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  • Biomedical Research Career Programme | US Tomahawk Missiles | India Emerges as the Fastest-Growing Dairy Producer Worldwide | India-Russia Celebrate 25 Years of Strategic Partnership

    Biomedical Research Career Programme

    Syllabus: GS3/ S&T

    In News

    • The Union Cabinet has approved Phase-III (2025-26 to 2030-31) of the Biomedical Research Career Programme (BRCP) to significantly boost India’s biomedical research ecosystem and global impact.

    Biomedical Research Career Programme

    • Objective – The programme aims to strengthen research systems, reduce regional disparities in scientific capabilities, and establish world-class biomedical research capacity.
    • BRCP is implemented through a partnership between the Department of Biotechnology (DBT), Government of India; the Wellcome Trust (WT), United Kingdom; and the India Alliance—a Special Purpose Vehicle (SPV) created for this initiative.

    US Tomahawk Missiles

    Syllabus: GS3/ Defence

    Context

    • Ukraine has requested long-range Tomahawk cruise missiles from the United States.

    Tomahawk missiles

    • Tomahawks are long-range subsonic cruise missiles that can be launched from ships, submarines or ground launchers.
    • They have long-range, deep-strike capabilities, and can hit targets 1,250km-2,500km away.
    • They carry high-explosive warheads designed to penetrate hardened targets like military bunkers.
    • They avoid radar detection by flying at high subsonic speeds while maintaining low altitudes.

    India Emerges as the Fastest-Growing Dairy Producer Worldwide

    Syllabus: GS3/ Agriculture

    Context

    • India’s dairy sector has expanded by 70% in the past 11 years, with milk production rising from 146 million tonnes in 2014-15 to 239 million tonnes in 2023-24.

    Dairy Sector of India

    • Global Leadership: India is the world’s largest milk producer, contributing 76% of global milk output.
    • Economic Contribution: Dairy is India’s single largest agricultural commodity, contributing 5% to GDP and employing over 8 crore farmers.
    • Per Capita Availability: Rose to 471 g/day in 2023–24, substantially above the world average of 322 g/day.
    • Top Producing states: Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan, and Madhya Pradesh.

    Key Enablers of India’s Dairy Success

    • National Dairy Development Board (NDDB) – It was established in 1965 at Anand to replicate the Amul cooperative model across India.
    • Operation Flood(1970) – It transformed India into the world’s largest milk producer by creating a nationwide cooperative structure for procurement and distribution.

    India-Russia Celebrate 25 Years of Strategic Partnership

    Syllabus: GS2/IR

    In News

    • Russia and India have significantly advanced their 25-year strategic partnership amid a changing global landscape.

    Background

    • In 2000, Russian President Vladimir Putin and Indian Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee signed the declaration on strategic partnership, which opened a new chapter in bilateral relations.
    • In December 2010, the Strategic Partnership was upgraded to a “Special and Privileged Strategic Partnership.”
    • Multiple institutional dialogues, including the Intergovernmental Commission and 2+2 Dialogue, ensure strong cooperation across politics, defense, trade, science, and culture.

    Leadership-level engagements

    • The India-Russia Annual Summit is the highest dialogue mechanism, with 22 meetings held alternately in both countries.
    • The Indian PM received Russia’s highest honor, the Order of Saint Andrew.

    Multilateral engagement

    • India and Russia closely cooperate in multilateral forums like the UN, G20, BRICS, and SCO.
    • Russia supports India’s bid for a permanent UN Security Council seat.

    Trade & Economic relations

    • India and Russia aim to boost bilateral trade to $100 billion by 2030 and investment to $50 billion by 2025.
    • In FY 2023-24, trade hit a record $65.7 billion, with India exporting pharmaceuticals and machinery, and importing oil, fertilizers, and minerals from Russia.

    Defence & Security Cooperation

    • Joint military exercises – INDRA, Vostok & ZAPAD.
    • Defence projects include – S-400 systems, T-90 tanks, Su-30 MKI jets, MiG-29 and Kamov helicopters, INS Vikramaditya, AK-203 rifles, and BrahMos missiles..
    • Science & Technology Cooperation – nanotech, quantum computing, and nuclear energy (Kudankulam plant).

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  • Shakti scheme

    Shakti scheme

    News –

    • Shakti scheme, the flagship women-empowerment initiative of the State government, has achieved another global milestone by entering the International Book of Records – World Record of Excellence.
    • Over 500 crore free tickets have been issued since the launch of the scheme, which offers free bus travel for women.

    Shakti scheme

    • Launched in – The scheme was launched on June 11, 2023
    • It is a program which provides free bus travel for all women residents of Karnataka.
    • Objective: Its primary aim is to empower women by improving access to public transport, encouraging their participation in the workforce, and enhancing their financial independence and mobility.
    • Targeted beneficiary – All women domiciled in Karnataka, including female students and transgender women, are eligible.
    • Note – Free travel is valid only in non-premium buses operated by KSRTC, BMTC, NWKRTC, and KKRTC, and only within the state.

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  • Amazon’s ‘flying rivers’ | Sir Creek | DigiLocker | Hike in Wheat MSP

    Amazon’s ‘flying rivers’

    Syllabus: GS1/ Geography

    In News

    • The Amazon rainforest plays a critical role in South America’s water cycle through the phenomenon called “flying rivers”.

    Flying Rivers

    • “Flying rivers” are massive streams of water vapour carried in the atmosphere, invisible to the eye.

    Flying Rivers

    Process:

    • Moisture originates from the Atlantic Ocean.
    • Trade winds push moist air westward across the equator.
    • Amazon trees act as a “biological pump” – absorb water from soil → transpire it back into the air → release huge amounts of water vapour.
    • This recycled water forms clouds and rainfall further inland, supplying regions as far as the Andes and southern South America.

    Sir Creek

    Syllabus: GS1/Places

    In News

    • Defence Minister Rajnath Singh warned Pakistan that any aggression in the disputed Sir Creek area will be met with a strong response.

    Sir Creek region

    • Sir Creek is a 96-km-long tidal estuary between Gujarat’s Rann of Kutch and Pakistan.
    • The Rann lies on the border between Gujarat and the Pakistani province of Sind.
    • It is considered a disputed region due to varying interpretations of maritime boundary lines by both sides.
    • Sir Creek is a strategic and sensitive zone along the Gujarat coastline

    DigiLocker

    Syllabus: GS2/ Governance

    Context

    • The Union Public Service Commission (UPSC) has announced that candidates’ documents, including caste, income, and disability certificates, will now be verified through DigiLocker.

    DigiLocker

    • Launched by – It is a flagship initiative launched in 2015 of the Ministry of Electronics & IT (MeitY) under the Digital India programme.
    • Mandate – It is a digital platform and a paperless solution designed to ensure that a user can access the latest and updated versions of their documents online.
    • Significance – It aims to provide a digital wallet to every citizen so that all lifelong documents, including educational, identity, health records, insurance policy papers, PAN records, and driving licences and certificates, can be accessed anywhere, anytime.

    Hike in Wheat MSP

    Syllabus: GS3/ Agriculture

    Context

    • The Union Cabinet, approved a 6.59% increase in the Minimum Support Price (MSP) for wheat to Rs 2,585 per quintal for 2026-27 marketing year.

    Minimum Support Prices (MSP)

    • Definition – It is a form of market intervention by the Government of India to insure agricultural producers against any sharp fall in farm prices.
    • Announcement and Recommendation – The Cabinet Committee of Economic

    Affairs announces the MSP at the start of each sowing season, taking into account the recommendations of the Commission for Agricultural Costs and Prices (CACP)

    • Significance – MSP protects the producer- farmers against distress sale during bumper production years.

    Crops Covered

    • The Centre announces the MSP (which is not legally guaranteed) for 22 mandated crops and Fair & Remunerative Price for sugarcane.

    These include

    • 14 kharif crops – paddy, jowar, bajra, maize, ragi, tur/arhar, moong, urad, groundnut, soyabean, sunflower, sesamum, niger seed, cotton,
    • 6 rabi crops – wheat, barley, gram, masur/lentil, rapeseed and mustard, and safflower
    • 2 commercial crops – Jute and Copra

    Fair and Remunerative Price (FRP) of sugarcane

    • Recommended by – Commission for Agricultural Costs and Prices (CACP)
    • Objective – to assure margins on account of profit and risk to farmers, irrespective of the fact whether sugar mills generate profit or not.

    Wheat Production in India

    • Area: In 2023-24, the area under wheat stood at 33 lakh hectares, while the production is estimated at 113.92 million tonnes.
    • In India wheat is the second largest crop after paddy in terms of area coverage.
    • Major producing states – Uttar Pradesh,Madhya Pradesh, Punjab, Haryana, Rajasthan, Bihar, Gujarat and Maharashtra.
    • Major Export Destinations (2023-24): Nepal, Iraq, South Korea, UAE and Mongolia.
    Condition for Wheat Cultivation
    • Climate: Temperature: Requires 10-15°C during sowing (germination) and 21-26°C during ripening and harvesting.
    • Rainfall: Optimal rainfall is 50-100 cm. Excess rainfall can damage the crop.
    • Soil Type: Grows best in well-drained loamy and clayey soil.

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  • Malai Mahadeshwara Wildlife Sanctuary

    Malai Mahadeshwara Wildlife Sanctuary

    News –

    • The carcass of a tiger was found in the Hanur range of M.M. Hills Wildlife Sanctuary that is suspected to be another case of poisoning.

    Malai Mahadeshwara Wildlife Sanctuary

    • Location – It is located at the intersection of the Western and the Eastern Ghats and falls in the Chamarajanagara District of Karnataka.
    • It was declared a wildlife sanctuary in 2013.
    • It is contiguous to Biligiri Rangaswamy Temple (BRT) Tiger Reserve, Sathyamangalam Tiger Reserve, and the Cauvery Wildlife Sanctuary.
    • It’s the home of the famous Male Mahadeshwara Temple, dedicated to Lord Shiva, known here as Mahadeshwara.
    • Male Mahadeshwara Hills is bound by the Kaveri River to the northeast and by the Palar River to the south.
    • Vegetation: The forests are dry deciduous type, patches of moist deciduous, semi-evergreen, evergreen and shola forests can be found here.
    • Flora: Anogeissus latifolia, Boswellia serrata, Hardwikia binata and Chloroxylon swietenia etc.
    • Fauna – It is home to several animals, including elephants, Indian bison, wild dogs, leopards, foxes, sambars, spotted deer, and many species of birds.
    • It is also a tiger habitat noted for its increasing number of tigers.

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  • Karnataka Issues based MCQ’S

    Karnataka Issues based MCQ’S

    1. Which of the following combinations correctly matches the leadership positions in the GBA?

    A. Chairperson – Chief Commissioner; Vice-Chairperson – Chief Minister

    B. Chairperson – Minister for Bengaluru Development; Member Secretary – Chief Minister

    C. Chairperson – Chief Minister; Vice-Chairperson – Minister for Bengaluru Development; Member Secretary – Chief Commissioner

    D. Chairperson – Governor of Karnataka; Vice-Chairperson – Chief Minister

    Answer: C

     

          2. Which key initiative under the Karnataka Cybersecurity Policy 2024 aims to strengthen the State’s cyber defense?

    A. Launch of the Cyber Command Center in Bengaluru. 

    B. Establishment of Cyber Volunteer Network.

    C. Creation of District-Level Cyber Cells.

    D. Partnership with CERT-In for joint investigations.

    Answer: A

     

    1. As per NCRB report, which State ranked second after Karnataka in the number of cybercrime cases in 2023?

    A. Maharashtra

    B. Telangana

    C. Uttar Pradesh

    D. Tamil Nadu

    Answer: B

     

    1. Which of the following tiger reserves or sanctuaries does NOT share a boundary with the Malai Mahadeshwara Wildlife Sanctuary?
    1. Biligiri Rangaswamy Temple (BRT) Tiger Reserve
    2. Sathyamangalam Tiger Reserve
    3. Cauvery Wildlife Sanctuary
    4. Nagarhole Tiger Reserve

    Answer: D

     

    1. Which two rivers bound the Male Mahadeshwara Hills region?
    1. Krishna and Tungabhadra
    2. Kaveri and Palar
    3. Hemavathi and Kabini
    4. Pennar and Bhavani

    Answer: B

     

    1. With reference to the Shakti Scheme launched by the Government of Karnataka, consider the following statements:
    1. It provides free bus travel to all women residents of Karnataka, including transgender women.
    1. The scheme applies to both intra-state and inter-state routes operated by KSRTC.
    1. Premium services such as Airavat and Vayu Vajra are excluded from the scheme.

    Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

    1. 1 and 2 only
    2. 1 and 3 only
    3. 2 and 3 only
    4. 1, 2 and 3

    Answer: B

     

    1. According to recent data of “Road Accidents in India” report, Bengaluru was ranked among the top five cities in India with the highest increase in road accidents. Which of the following cities recorded a higher percentage increase than Bengaluru?
    1. Ranchi
    1. Varanasi
    1. Pune

    Select the correct answer using the code given below:

    1. 1 and 2 only
    2. 2 and 3 only
    3. 1, 2 and 3
    4. 1 and 3 only

    Answer: C

     

    1. What is the primary objective of deploying “COBRA patrol” vehicles by Bengaluru’s traffic police?
    1. To escort VIP convoys and monitor high-speed corridors.
    2. To provide 24/7 motorcycle-based first response for accidents and traffic emergencies.
    3. To monitor emission control and vehicle fitness compliance.
    4. To deliver on-the-spot fine collection and challan services.

     Answer: B

     

    1. With reference to Karnataka’s “Namma Raste Namma Surakshite” Safe-A-Thon initiative, consider the following statements:
    1. It is an awareness programme led by the Traffic Department.
    1. It engages citizens through marathons, walkathons, and cyclothons to promote road safety habits.
    1. It focuses exclusively on school-level safety education.

    Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

    1. 1 only
    2. 2 only
    3. 2 and 3 only
    4. 1 and 3 only

    Answer: B

     

    1. Consider the following statements regarding Karnataka’s partnership with the SaveLIFE Foundation:
    1. It aims to implement the Zero Fatality District (ZFD) programme in high-fatality districts.
    1. It focuses on data-driven interventions combining engineering, enforcement, and emergency care.
    1. It is limited to the Bengaluru-Mysuru Expressway corridor.

    Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

    1. 1 and 2 only
    2. 2 and 3 only
    3. 1 and 3 only
    4. 1, 2 and 3

    Answer: A

     

    1. With reference to the ‘AdvantAge60: Powering Aspirations’ campaign, consider the following statements:
    1. It was launched by the Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment to promote pension schemes for senior citizens.
    1. The campaign aims to promote a positive view of aging and empower individuals over 60 to lead active and dignified lives by countering ageist stereotypes and project aging as a period of strength and aspiration.
    1. It was launched on the occasion of the International Day of Older Persons 2025 with a theme of “Powering Aspirations – Active, Enabled & Empowered”.

    Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

    1. 1 and 2 only
    2. 2 and 3 only
    3. 1 and 3 only
    4. 1, 2 and 3

    Answer: B

     

    1. Which of the following combinations is correctly matched regarding the Karnataka State Film Awards 2021?

    Category

    Winner
    1. Best Film award

    777 Charlie

          2.Best Supporting Actress

    Umashree

          3.Best Popular Entertaining Film

    Yuvarathnaa

          4.Best Children’s Film

    Cake

         5.Best Regional Language Film

    Nada Peda Asha

     Select the correct answer using the code below:

    1. 1, 2, 3 and 4 only
    2. 2, 3, 4 and 5 only
    3. 1, 2 and 3 only
    4. All are correct

    Answer: B

     

    1. Which of the following institutions are collaborating on the Karnataka Water Security and Resilience Project (Bengaluru), which is funded by World Bank?
    1. Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru (IISc) and Indian Institute of Technology, Madras (IIT-M)
    2. Karnataka State Natural Disaster Monitoring Centre (KSNDMC)
    3. Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB)
    4. Greater Bengaluru Authority
    5. Bengaluru Water Supply and Sewerage Board
    6. State Revenue Department is the implementing body.

    Select the correct answer using the code below:

    1. 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 only
    2. 1, 2, 4, 5 and 6 only
    3. 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 only
    4. 1,2, 3, 5 and 6 only

    Answer: B

     

    1. Which of the following statements about the Neeriddare Nale scheme is correct?
    1. It focuses on creating public awareness about water conservation.
    1. It seeks to involve citizens in groundwater management.
    1. It is implemented by the Karnataka Urban Water Supply Board.

    Select the correct answer using the code below:

    1. 1 and 2 only
    2. 1 and 3 only
    3. 2 and 3 only
    4. 1, 2 and 3

    Answer: A

     

    1. According to recent reports, Bengaluru ranks among the top five cities globally in which of the following domains?
    1. Renewable energy innovation
    2. Artificial Intelligence (AI) skill penetration and R&D output
    3. Biotechnology start-ups
    4. Clean mobility infrastructure

    Answer: B

     

    1. Which of the following statements best reflects Karnataka’s contribution to India’s digital and innovation economy?
    1. Karnataka houses 40% of India’s R&D talent.
    1. About 30% of India’s Global Capability Centres (GCCs) are located in Karnataka.
    1. The state hosts nearly 48 of India’s 110 unicorns.

    Select the correct answer using the code below:

    1. 1 and 2 only
    2. 2 and 3 only
    3. 1 and 3 only
    4. 1, 2 and 3

    Answer: D

     

    1. Consider the following statements regarding the Jayaprakash Narayan Award 2025:
    1. The award is conferred by the Bharata Yatra Kendra, an organization.
    2. The 2025 recipient, Y.S.V. Datta, is a former MLA known for his contributions to rural governance reforms.
    3. The selection committee for the award included B.L. Shankar and B.R. Patil.

    Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

    1. 1 only
    2. 1 and 3 only
    3. 2 and 3 only
    4. 1, 2 and 3

    Answer: D

     

    1. Consider the following statements about the Karnataka Menstrual Leave Policy – 2025:

     

    1. Karnataka became the first Indian State to implement menstrual leave in both government and private sectors.
    2. The policy provides up to 15 days of paid menstrual leave annually for women employees.
    3. The Dr. Sapna S. Committee was constituted to study and recommend this policy framework.
    4. Bihar and Odisha have menstrual leave provisions exclusively for government employees.
    5. Kerala has implemented menstrual leave in universities but not for all government employees.

    Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

    1. 1, 3, 4 and 5 only
    2. 2, 3, 4 and 5 only
    3. 1, 2, 3 and 4 only
    4. 1, 2, 3 and 5 only

    Answer: A

     

    1. Match the following Dams with their Locations:

    Dams/ Reservoirs

    Location

    A. Almatti Dam

    1. Gorur, Hassan district

    B. Kabini Reservoir

    2. Heggadadevanakote, Mysuru

    C. Hemavathi Reservoir

    3. Nidagundi, Vijayapura

    D. Vani Vilasa Sagara

    4. Marikanive, Chitradurga

    Select the correct code:

    1. A–3, B–1, C–4, D–2
    2. A–3, B–2, C–1, D–4
    3. A–1, B–3, C–2, D–4
    4. A–4, B–3, C–2, D–1

    Answer: B) A–3, B–2, C–1, D–4

     

    1. Consider the following statements regarding the Karnataka Information Commission (KIC):
    1. It is a constitutional body established under Article 243 of the Constitution of India.
    1. The KIC is constituted under the provisions of the Right to Information Act, 2005.
    1. Members of the Commission are appointed by the Governor of Karnataka on the recommendation of a selection committee chaired by the Chief Minister.

    Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

    1. 1 only
    2. 2 and 3 only
    3. 2 only
    4. 1, 2 and 3

    Answer: B

     

    1. Which of the following individuals were finalised by the Karnataka Government in 2025 for appointment as State Information Commissioners?
    1. Richard Vincent D’Souza
    2. Venkat Singh
    3. Mahesh Valvekar
    4. K. Sudhakar

    Select the correct code:

    1. 1, 2 and 3 only
    2. 2, 3 and 4 only
    3. 1 and 3 only
    4. 1, 2, 3 and 4

    Answer: A

     

    1. Consider the following statements regarding the Indira Food Kit Scheme recently introduced by the Karnataka Government:
    1. The scheme was launched to replace the earlier free rice distribution system under the Anna Bhagya scheme.
    2. It aims to improve nutritional quality and reduce diversion of food grains.
    3. The kits are distributed through fair price shops under the Public Distribution System (PDS) using BPL ration cards.
    4. The food kit contains toor dal, moong dal, sugar, salt and cooking oil.

    Which of the statements given above is/are not correct?

    1. 1 and 2 only
    2. 1 and 3 only
    3. None are correct
    4. All are correct

     Answer: D

     

    1. Consider the following statements about the Karnataka Sahitya Academy Awards 2024:
    1. The Karnataka Sahitya Academy honorary awards for 2024 were presented to five distinguished writers including Shudra Srinivas and Pratibha Nandakumar.
    1. The ‘Sahitya Shri’ award was conferred on ten writers for their notable contributions to Kannada literature.
    1. The Karnataka Sahitya Academy Awards were instituted in 1983 by the Government of Karnataka.

    Which of the above statements is/are correct?

    1. 1 and 2 only
    2. 1, 2 and 3
    3. 2 and 3 only
    4. 1 and 3 only

    Answer: B

     

    1. With reference to the 2024 Karnataka Sahitya Academy honorary awardees, consider the following:
    1. D. B. Nayak
    1. Mamata Sagara
    1. Vishwanath Karnad
    1. M. Basavanna

    How many of the above were recipients of the Honorary Awards (not Sahitya Shri)?

    1. Only two
    2. Only three
    3. All four
    4. D.Only one

    Answer: B

     

    1. Consider the following statements regarding Mental Health Santhe 4.0 hosted by NIMHANS in 2025:
    1. The initiative focuses on promoting community participation in mental health and suicide prevention.
    1. It is organised by NIMHANS under the Swachhta Action Plan 2025–26, supported by the Union Ministry of Health and Family Welfare.
    1. The 2025 theme — “Community Supporting Mental Wellbeing Together” — aligns with the observance of World Suicide Prevention Day.
    1. It represents the fourth edition of NIMHANS’ flagship mental health awareness initiative.

    Which of the above statements is/are correct?

    1. 1, 2 and 4 only
    2. 2, 3 and 4 only
    3. 1 and 3 only
    4. 1, 2, 3 and 4

    Answer: A

     

    1. Consider the following statements regarding Karnataka’s export performance during 2024–25:
    1. Karnataka accounted for over 40% of India’s total services exports, making it the top exporter in this category.
    1. The State ranked fourth in merchandise exports, behind Gujarat, Maharashtra, and Tamil Nadu.
    1. Karnataka’s total service export value stood at $158 billion, out of India’s total of $387 billion.
    1. Karnataka was also ranked first in both merchandise and services export categories in 2024–25.

    Which of the above statements is/are correct?

    1. 1, 2 and 3 only
    2. 1 and 3 only
    3. 1, 2 and 4 only
    4. 2, 3 and 4 only

    Answer: A

     

    1. Consider the following statements regarding the National Supercomputing Mission (NSM):
    1. It was launched in 2015 with the objective of enhancing India’s high-performance computing capacity through indigenously built systems.
    1. The Mission aims to design and manufacture a total of 73 supercomputers in India.
    1. The grid of these supercomputers is to be connected through the National Knowledge Network (NKN).
    1. The Mission is jointly implemented by the Department of Science and Technology (DST) and the Department of Space (DoS).

    Which of the above statements is/are correct?

    1. 1, 2 and 3 only
    2. 2 and 4 only
    3. 1, 3 and 4 only
    4. 1 and 2 only

    Answer: A

     

    1. Match the following Supercomputers / Systems with their Unique Features or Achievements:

    Supercomputer / System

    Feature / Achievement

    A. PARAM 8000

    1. India’s first indigenously developed supercomputer (1991)

    B. AIRAWAT

    2. India’s fastest AI supercomputing system (2023)

    C. RUDRA

    3. First indigenously designed HPC server

    D. PARAM Siddhi-AI

    4. Ranked among top 100 supercomputers globally in 2020

    Select the correct code:

    1. A–3, B–4, C–2, D–1
    2. A–2, B–1, C–4, D–3
    3. A–1, B–4, C–2, D–3
    4. A–1, B–2, C–3, D–4

     Answer: D

     

    1. The Bukkapatna Chinkara Wildlife Sanctuary lies in a rain-shadow region of Karnataka. Which of the following statements best explains this phenomenon?
    1. It receives high annual rainfall due to the Western Ghats monsoon currents.
    2. The Eastern Ghats obstruct monsoon winds, causing dry conditions.
    3. It lies east of the Western Ghats, where descending air currents reduce rainfall.
    4. It receives rain primarily from the northeast monsoon, making it semi-arid.

    Answer: C

     

    1. The development of a “data centre park at Tavarekere” aligns most closely with which of the following policy priorities of Karnataka?
    1. Mission Karmayogi Karnataka
    2. Beyond Bengaluru Digital Economy Policy
    3. Raitha Shakti Scheme
    4. Karnataka Renewable Energy Mission

    Answer: B

     

    1. The Karnataka–GAIL wet waste gasification initiative will most directly reduce the emissions of which greenhouse gas?
    1. Carbon dioxide (CO₂)
    2. Nitrous oxide (N₂O)
    3. Methane (CH₄)
    4. Sulphur hexafluoride (SF₆)

    Answer: C

     

    1. The Solid Waste Management Rules, 2016, have been issued under which parent legislation?
    1. Environment (Protection) Act, 1986
    2. Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981
    3. Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974
    4. National Green Tribunal Act, 2010

    Answer: A

     

    1. Under the SWM Rules, 2016, which of the following entities have been given Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR)?
    1. Plastic packaging manufacturers
    2. E-waste producers
    3. Battery manufacturers
    4. Textile mills

    Select the correct answer using the code below:

    1. 1 and 2 only
    2. 1, 2 and 3 only
    3. 2, 3 and 4 only
    4. 1, 3 and 4 only

    Answer: B

     

    1. Match the following schemes/missions with their respective implementing ministries:

    Scheme/Mission

    Implementing Ministry

    A. Swachh Bharat Mission (Urban)   

    1. Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs

    B. Swachh Bharat Mission (Gramin)

    2. Ministry of Jal Shakti

    C. GOBAR–Dhan Scheme

    3. Department of Drinking Water and Sanitation

    D. Waste to Wealth Mission

    4. Office of the Principal Scientific Adviser to the Government of India

    E. NAMASTE Scheme

    5. Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment

     Select the correct code:

    1. A–2, B–1, C–3, D–4, E–5
    2. A–1, B–3, C–2, D–5, E–4
    3. A–1, B–2, C–3, D–4, E–5
    4. A–1, B–2, C–4, D–3, E–5

    Answer: C

     

    1. Consider the following statements about the Bengaluru Business Corridor (BBC):
    1. The Bengaluru Business Corridor is being implemented by the Bangalore Development Authority (BDA).
    2. It aims to connect Electronic City with Tumakuru Road and Mysuru Road.
    3. It is primarily designed as a freight-dedicated industrial corridor similar to the Delhi–Mumbai Industrial Corridor.
    4. One of its key objectives is to decongest Bengaluru’s traffic by diverting through-traffic and providing an alternative to the NICE Road.

    Which of the statements given above are correct?

    1. 1 and 2 only
    2. 1, 2 and 4 only
    3. 2, 3 and 4 only
    4. 1, 3 and 4 only

    Answer: B

     

    1. With reference to the Karnataka Administrative Reforms Commission–2 (KARC–2), consider the following statements:
    1. The Commission has Cabinet-rank status and reports directly to the Chief Minister.
    1. Its recommendations focus on e-Governance, citizen charters, and administrative decentralisation.
    1. It was established following the recommendations of the Karnataka Public Service Commission.

    Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

    1. 1 and 2 only
    2. 2 and 3 only
    3. 1 and 3 only
    4. 1, 2 and 3

    Answer: A

     

    1. Assertion (A): District Planning Committees play a crucial role in ensuring decentralized planning and convergence of local development efforts.

    Reason (R): They are constitutionally empowered to allocate funds and execute projects independently of the State government.

    1. Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.
    2. Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A.
    3. A is true, but R is false.
    4. A is false, but R is true.

    Answer: C

     

    1. Consider the following statements regarding the District Planning Committee (DPC):
    1. The DPC is a constitutional body established under Article 243Z of the Constitution of India.
    2. It is mandatory for every State to constitute a DPC in each district.
    3. The main function of the DPC is to consolidate the plans prepared by the Panchayats and Municipalities in the district and to prepare a draft development plan.
    4. The Chairperson of every DPC must necessarily be the District In-charge Minister of the State Cabinet.

    Which of the statements given above are correct?

    1. 1, 2 and 3 only
    2. 1, 3 and 4 only
    3. 2, 3 and 4 only
    4. 1, 2, 3 and 4

    Answer: A

     

    1. Consider the following pairs:

    Measure/Case/Initiative

    Objective

    1. NALSA v. Union of India (2014)    

        a. Recognition of transgender persons as the third gender

    2. Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act, 2019

        b. Legal framework prohibiting discrimination against transgender persons

    3. SMILE Scheme

        c. Holistic rehabilitation and livelihood support for transgender persons

    4. National Portal for Transgender Persons

        d. Online certification and welfare access for transgender individuals

    Which of the above pairs are correctly matched?

    1. 1, 2 and 4 only
    2. 1, 3 and 4 only
    3. 1, 2, 3 and 4
    4. 2 and 3 only

    Answer: C

     

    1. Assertion (A): The ASTraM app provides congestion alerts every 15 minutes to traffic authorities.

    Reason (R): This enables the Bengaluru Traffic Police to plan diversions and manpower deployment based on predictive analytics.

    1. Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.
    2. Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A.
    3. A is true, but R is false.
    4. A is false, but R is true.

    Answer: A

     

    1. With reference to the ASTraM app launched by Bengaluru Traffic Police, consider the following statements:
    1. The app stands for Actionable Intelligence for Sustainable Traffic Management.
    1. It provides real-time data analytics to assist traffic officials in congestion management.
    1. Citizens can use it only to pay traffic fines and not to report accidents.
    1. It provides congestion alerts every 15 minutes to concerned authorities.

    Select the correct answer using the code given below:

    1. 1 and 2 only
    2. 1, 2 and 4 only
    3. 2, 3 and 4 only
    4. 1, 3 and 4 only

     Answer: B

     

    1. The Devadasi system, historically associated with South India, can be traced back to which of the following periods?
    1. Sangam Age (3rd century BCE – 3rd century CE)
    2. Early Chola, Chera, and Pandya dynasties
    3. Vijayanagara Empire period
    4. Colonial British era

    Answer: B

     

    1. With reference to the Karnataka Devadasi (Prevention, Prohibition, Relief and Rehabilitation) Bill, 2025, consider the following statements:
    1. The Bill seeks to replace an existing law enacted in 1982 that prohibited the dedication of women as Devadasis.
    2. The Bill introduces provisions for both punitive measures and state-supported rehabilitation for victims.
    3. The Karnataka State Women’s Development Corporation (KSWDC) acts as the nodal agency for the implementation of the Bill.
    4. The Bill has been enacted under the Concurrent List of the Constitution as it deals with social welfare and criminal law.

    Select the correct answer using the code below:

    1. 1 and 2 only
    2. 1, 2 and 3 only
    3. 1, 2, 3 and 4
    4. 2, 3 and 4 only

    Answer: C

     

    1. With reference to the appointment of judges in the High Courts under the Constitution of India, consider the following statements:
    1. The Chief Justice of a High Court is appointed by the President after consultation with the Governor of the State and the Chief Justice of India.
    2. The appointment of other judges of the High Court requires consultation with the Chief Justice of India, the Governor of the State, and the Chief Justice of the concerned High Court.
    3. The Constitution mandates consultation with the Union Public Service Commission (UPSC) before appointing High Court judges.

    Select the correct answer using the code given below:

    1. 1 and 2 only
    2. 1 and 3 only
    3. 2 and 3 only
    4. 1, 2 and 3

    Answer: A

     

    1. With reference to the tenure and removal of High Court judges, consider the following statements:
    1. A judge of a High Court holds office until he attains the age of 62 years.
    2. A judge can resign by addressing his resignation to the Chief Justice of India.
    3. The procedure for the removal of a High Court judge is the same as that for a Supreme Court judge.

    Which of the statements given above are correct?

    1. 1 and 2 only
    2. 1 and 3 only
    3. 2 and 3 only
    4. 1, 2 and 3

    Answer: B

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  • Cybercrimes in bengaluru

    Cybercrimes in bengaluru

    News –

    • Bengaluru accounts for 51.92% of cybercrimes in metros according to the NCRB report.

    Key findings of the ep

    • The State recorded 21,889 cybercrime cases, 20% more than Telangana, which registered 18,236 cases.
    • Karnataka has emerged as the cybercrime capital of India, accounting for 25.57% of all registered cases in the country in 2023.
    • At the heart of Karnataka’s cybercrime surge is Bengaluru. The IT hub alone accounted for 17,631 of the 21,889 cases reported in the State in 2023, making it the city with the highest cybercrime incidence in the country.

    Initiatives of Karnataka government to prevent cybercrime

    • New Cyber Command Unit – It consolidates 45 police stations to manage all cybercrime cases.
    • Karnataka Cybersecurity Policy 2024 – It focuses on safeguarding infrastructure and promoting awareness, and the establishment of a Cyber Command Center in Bengaluru.
    • Centre for Cybercrime Investigation Training & Research (CCITR) – to improve investigation and prosecution to prevent cyber crimes.

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