Author: Ramvilas

SOFI Report 2026

Science & Technology

News – 

• The 2026 edition of the State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World (SOFI) report was released.
• 2026 theme “Understanding and addressing the high cost of a healthy diet.”

About – 

Publishing organisations – It is jointly published by

• Food and Agriculture Organization
• International Fund for Agricultural Development
• United Nations Children’s Fund 
• World Food Programme
• World Health Organization

Key Findings of SOFI Report 2026

• Global hunger: Declined for a third consecutive year to 7.8% of the global population (645 million people). Africa surpassed Asia to have the highest absolute number of hungry people, at 309 million.
• Food security: Improved steadily across Asia, Latin America, and the Caribbean. Africa saw its hunger rate decline (from 20.3% to 20%) for the first time in nearly a decade. 
• Dietary affordability: The average cost of a healthy diet rose to 4.28 PPP dollars per person per day in 2025. Approximately 2.69 billion people cannot afford a healthy diet.
• Nutritional outcomes: 150 million children under five remain stunted. Adult obesity rose to 16.2% in 2024, and maternal anemia continues to worsen.

Internet Shutdowns in India

Polity

News – 

• The Union government suspended mobile internet across parts of Central Delhi during the CJP’s ‘Chalo Sansad’ protest.

Extent of Internet Shutdowns in India

• • India ranked 2nd globally with 65 shutdowns in 2025, mainly during protests, conflicts, communal violence, and religious holidays.

• Jammu and Kashmir and Manipur historically recorded frequent, prolonged shutdowns.

Legal and Statutory Framework

• Section 20(2)(b) of the Telecommunications Act, 2023, and the Telecommunications (Temporary Suspension of Services) Rules, 2024, govern internet shutdowns.
• The 2024 Rules require that every suspension order must specify the reasons, set a precise duration, and define the affected geographic area.
• Grounds: Emergencies, sovereignty threats, security concerns, risks to foreign relations, public disorder, or incitement to offences.
• Competent Authority: Union or State Home Secretaries can issue shutdown orders, with Joint Secretaries authorised only in urgent emergencies.
• Duration Limit: The 2024 Rules limit shutdowns to 15 days and require a Review Committee to assess each order within five days. 

Judicial Safeguards

• Anuradha Bhasin v. UoI (2020): SC protected online speech under Articles 19(1)(a) and 19(1)(g), declaring indefinite shutdowns impermissible. Shutdowns must be necessary, proportional, and used as a last resort.
• Faheema Shirin v. State of Kerala (2019): Kerala High Court declared the Right to the Internet a fundamental right under Article 21.

GREAT Scheme

Government Schemes

News- 

• The Ministry of Textiles is implementing the GREAT scheme under the National Technical Textiles Mission.

About

• Fullform – Grant for Research and Entrepreneurship across Aspiring Innovators in Technical Textiles.
• Objective: To support India’s technical textiles start-up ecosystem by helping innovators, scientists, and technologists turn novel ideas and prototypes into commercial products.
• Funding Support: Grant-in-aid up to ₹50 lakh per start-up over 18 months to commercialise prototypes. 
• Priority Areas: High-performance fibres, smart textiles, artificial intelligence/IoT integration, and biodegradable or sustainable materials.
• Eligibility: Applicants must be incubated at a recognised incubator to qualify. They must invest at least 10% of the funding amount in the project.

India’s First eVTOL Aircraft 

Science & Technology

Context – 

• The ePlane Company, a deep-tech startup incubated at IIT Madras, unveiled India’s first full-scale electric vertical take-off and landing (eVTOL) aircraft prototype, e200X (PT-01).

eVTOL 

• It uses electric propulsion, reducing noise, costs, and energy use, enabling Advanced Air Mobility (AAM) for fast, sustainable urban air transport.
• It carries one pilot with two passengers or up to 200 kg cargo and has a 110 km range for urban and regional mobility.
• It is designed to take off and land on standard rooftops or helipads without requiring long runways.

Moldova

International

News – 

• President Droupadi Murmu arrived in Chișinău, marking the first-ever state visit by an Indian Head of State to Moldova.

Moldova 

• Capital – Chișinău
• It is a landlocked country in Eastern Europe
• Bordered by –  Romania to the west and to the north, east, and south by Ukraine. 
• Rivers: Dniester (Nistru) is the longest river in Moldova; the Prut River forms its western border.

North Macedonia

International

News – 

• President Droupadi Murmu arrived in Skopje, marking the first visit by an Indian President to North Macedonia.

North Macedonia 

• • Capital: Skopje
  • It is a landlocked, mountainous country in the south-central Balkan Peninsula of Southeast Europe. 
  • It borders Kosovo and Serbia to the north, Bulgaria to the east, Greece to the south, and Albania to the west.
  • The country declared independence from Yugoslavia in 1991 and officially adopted the name ‘North Macedonia’ in 2019.
  • North Macedonia is an official candidate for European Union membership and joined NATO in 2020.
• Lake Ohrid, a UNESCO World Heritage site, is one of the oldest and deepest lakes in Europe.

Gor Boli

Polity

News – 

• The Ministry of Tribal Affairs recently informed Parliament about continuing demands to include Gor Boli in the Eighth Schedule.

Gor Boli

• It is also called Lambadi

• It is an Indo-Aryan language spoken mainly by the Banjara community across Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Maharashtra, and Rajasthan.
• It lacks a standardised native script and is generally written in Devanagari, Telugu or Kannada scripts.

Eight Schedule

• The Eighth Schedule of the IC, as provided for in Articles 344(1) and 351, lists India’s scheduled languages.
• It originally listed 14 languages; three constitutional amendments increased the number to 22.
• The 21st Amendment Act, 1967 added Sindhi, the 71st Amendment Act, 1992 added Konkani, Manipuri and Nepali, and the 92nd Amendment Act, 2003 added Bodo, Dogri, Maithili and Santhali.
• There is no fixed criterion for including a language in the Eighth Schedule as per the Ashok Pahwa Committee (1996) and Sitakant Mohapatra Committee (2003).
• Inclusion in the schedule ensures state support for the language’s literary development, permits its use in parliament, and allows all-India exams to be conducted in that language.

PM-YASASVI Scheme

Government Scheme

News – 

• The Government of India reaffirmed its commitment to expanding educational opportunities for disadvantaged students through the PM-YASASVI scheme.

About – 

• Full form – Prime Minister Young Achievers Scholarship Award Scheme for Vibrant India (PM-YASASVI)

• Implementation – Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment.
• Objective: Provide financial assistance and residential infrastructure to students from disadvantaged communities, removing geographic and financial barriers to quality education.
• Beneficiaries: OBC, Economically Backward Classes (EBC), and Denotified, Nomadic and Semi-Nomadic Tribes (DNT) students with an annual family income below ₹2.50 lakh.
• Scholarship: Funds students at different stages of their academic lifecycle:

1. Pre-Matric Scholarship: ₹4,000 per annum for Class 9 and 10 students enrolled full-time in Government Schools.
2. Post-Matric Scholarship: ₹5,000 to ₹20,000 annual allowance for post-matriculation courses, varying by course group tier.
3. Top Class School Education: Up to ₹75,000 per annum for Class 9-10 and up to ₹1,25,000 for Class 11–12, covering tuition, hostel, and institutional charges.
4. Top Class College Education: Full tuition reimbursement up to ₹2 lakh per annum in private institutions, along with ₹3,000 monthly living expenses, ₹5,000 book allowance, and a one-time ₹45,000 laptop grant.
5. Hostel Construction: ₹3.00 lakh to ₹3.50 lakh per seat for residential hostels, prioritising rural pockets and areas with low literacy rates.
6. A minimum of 30% of total slots is reserved for girl students and 5% for Persons with Disabilities (PwD).

SMILE Scheme

Government Scheme

News – 

• The SMILE scheme rehabilitated over 10,200 individuals engaged in begging across 216 cities.

About – 

• Full form – Support for Marginalised Individuals for Livelihood and Enterprise
• It is a Central Sector Scheme by the Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment.
• Objective – providing comprehensive rehabilitation and economic reintegration for transgenders and persons engaged in begging.

Key Sub-Schemes:

• • Comprehensive Rehabilitation for Welfare of Transgender Persons: Provides scholarships from Class IX to post-graduation, Garima Grehs, PM-JAY-linked gender-reaffirmation healthcare, PM-DAKSH training and Transgender Protection Cells.
  • Comprehensive Rehabilitation of Persons Engaged in Begging: Advances “Bhiksha Vritti Mukt Bharat” through identification and rescue, shelter with medical care and counselling along with PM-DAKSH training and documentation assistance.
  • SMILE-Beggary National Portal registers beneficiaries and tracks rehabilitation centres and their outcomes.

• Note – Indore (Madhya Pradesh) became India’s first officially declared beggar-free city in 2025.

Additional Information – PM-DAKSH 

• Full form – Pradhan Mantri Dakshta Aur Kushalta Sampann Hitgrahi Yojana 
• Financing –  Central Sector Scheme 
• Launched in – 2020-21 
• Launched by – Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment. 
• Objective – It aims to enhance the competency levels of marginalized communities to secure self-employment or wage employment, boosting their socio-economic status

Fast-Track Courts (FTCs) in India

Polity

News – 

• PM announced the operationalisation of fast-track courts to address NEET examination paper leaks under the Public Examinations (Prevention of Unfair Means) Act, 2024.

Constitutional Safeguards and Statutory Framework

• Article 14 & 21: Supreme Court affirms the right to a speedy, fair trial as part of the right to life and liberty (Article 21) and requires special courts to be based on objective classification (Article 14).
• Article 247: Empowers Parliament to establish additional courts for better administration of Union laws.
• Criminal Law Amendment, 2018: Establishes the legal basis for FTSCs and sets a two-month timeline for completing rape investigations and trials.
• POCSO Act, 2012: Sections 28 and 35 require State Governments to establish Special Courts and complete trials within one year.
• Public Examinations Act, 2024: Provides the legal basis for prosecuting organised examination fraud and for prosecuting syndicates involved in paper leaks.

Panama

International

News – 

• India and Panama held bilateral talks to deepen maritime cooperation.

Panama

• It is a country of Central America located on the Isthmus of Panama, the narrow bridge of land that connects North and South America. 
• Capital: Panama City
• Bordered by Costa Rica (west), and Colombia (east), Caribbean Sea (North) and Pacific Ocean (South).
• One of the few countries in the world that does not maintain a permanent standing army.
• Panama Canal: A 82-km artificial waterway connecting the Atlantic Ocean (Caribbean Sea) and the Pacific Ocean, making it one of the world’s most important maritime trade routes.

Romania

International

News- 

• President, Smt. Droupadi Murmu, visited Romania, marking the first State Visit by an Indian President to Romania in nearly three decades.
• India and Romania are set to celebrate the 80th anniversary of diplomatic relations in 2028, which will be commemorated as the “India–Romania Year of Innovation.”

Romania

• • Location: Southeastern Europe, in the Balkan region, along the western coast of the Black Sea.
  • Capital: Bucharest. 
  • Bordered by: Ukraine (north), Moldova (east), Hungary (west), Serbia (southwest), and Bulgaria (south).
  • Mountains: Carpathian Mountains (Eastern, Southern, and Western Carpathians). The highest peak in Romania is Moldoveanu Peak.
  • Major Rivers: Danube River (forms much of Romania’s southern border); Prut River (border with Moldova).

• Danube Delta, shared with Ukraine, is one of Europe’s largest wetlands and a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

• Member of the European Union (EU) since 2007 and member of NATO since 2004.

Batukeshwar Dutt

History

News- 

• The nation paid tributes to Batukeshwar Dutt on his death anniversary (July 20).

About- 

• He was born in 1910 in West Bengal and raised in Kanpur

• He was a socialist revolutionary and a core member of the Hindustan Socialist Republican Association (HSRA).

• He and Bhagat Singh threw smoke bombs inside the Central Legislative Assembly on 8 April 1929, distributed leaflets and raised “Inquilab Zindabad”.
• During the 1929 Lahore Jail hunger strike, Dutt demanded better conditions for political prisoners.
• Released because of tuberculosis, he joined the Quit India Movement (1942) and was imprisoned again.
• He died in 1965 and was cremated at Hussainiwala, Punjab, beside Bhagat Singh, Sukhdev, and Rajguru.

INS Malvan

Defense

News – 

• The Indian Navy inducted INS Malvan, the second Anti-Submarine Warfare Shallow Water Craft (ASW-SWC) of the Mahe-class.

About

• It is designed for anti-submarine warfare, sub-surface surveillance, search and rescue, and low-intensity maritime operations in coastal waters.
• It was built by Cochin Shipyard under the Atma Nirbhar Bharat mission. 
• It features over 80% indigenous equipment and technology.
• Armed with RBU 6000 rockets and DRDO torpedoes and a German-Indian sonar suite, it can play a dominant role in guarding our undersea defence.
• The first Anti-Submarine Warfare Shallow Water Craft (ASW-SWC) of the Mahe-class is the INS Mahe (P80)

Methane Gas Explosion in Sikkim

Environment

News – 

• A suspected methane gas explosion inside an under-construction tunnel of the Teesta Hydroelectric Project in Sikkim, resulted in the death of at least 20 people.

Methane

• Methane (CH₄) is a colorless, odorless, and highly flammable gas, and it is the primary component of natural gas.
• It has a relatively short atmospheric lifetime of about 12 years, compared to carbon dioxide.
• Methane as a Greenhouse Gas: Methane is a highly potent greenhouse gas with a strong short-term warming impact.
• It is over 80 times more effective than carbon dioxide at trapping heat over a 20-year period.
• It is responsible for around 30% of the current global warming since the pre-industrial era.
• Major Sources: Human-driven emissions arise mainly from oil and gas production, coal mining, livestock enteric fermentation (burps), and decomposing waste in landfills.
• Natural sources include Wetlands, marine sediments and hydrates and geological Sources like volcanoes.

Mission Golden Spice

Economy

Context – 

• The Ministry of Development of North Eastern Region launched Mission Golden Spice to develop Meghalaya’s GI-tagged Lakadong turmeric as a global premium spice.
• Significance – It advances the ‘Ashtalakshmi initiative’, which identifies a Unique Selling Proposition (USP) for each of the northeastern states.

Lakadong Turmeric

• It is a premium variety of turmeric cultivated in Meghalaya’s Jaintia Hills and is renowned for its high curcumin content of 7–12%, compared with 2–3% in conventional varieties.
• Traditionally cultivated by indigenous farmers without synthetic fertilisers or pesticides, using heirloom seed rhizomes (100% organic). 
• It was formally granted a GI tag in 2024.
• India is the largest producer, consumer and exporter of turmeric, accounting for over 70% of global production.
• Major producing states – Telangana, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh.

Gems of India Challenge

Polity

News-  

• The Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (MIB) launched the pilot phase of Gems of India Challenge.

About

• Objective – It is a nationwide initiative to identify, nurture and promote grassroots digital creators.
• The challenge, built on MyWAVES platform under WAVES OTT, invites citizens to create short videos showcasing unique stories and cultural heritage of their districts.
• The pilot phase will cover Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Arunachal Pradesh, Chandigarh, Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu, Goa, and Ladakh.
• It offers district-level awards of ₹50,000 each for up to 20 creators per district, state-level awards of two lakh rupees, and national awards of five lakh rupees during the nationwide rollout.
• WAVES – It is an Over-The-Top (OTT) platform by Prasar Bharati, was launched at 55th International Film Festival of India (IFFI), held in Panaji, Goa, on 20th November 2024. 
• MyWAVES is a new feature within WAVES OTT platform that enables citizens to create, upload and share content aimed at promoting the ‘Orange Economy’.

Connect with basics – Orange Economy

• • It is also known as the Creative Economy
  • It refers to knowledge-based economic activities where individual creativity, skill, talent, and cultural heritage are transformed into economic value through Intellectual Property (IP). 
  • Origin: Coined by Colombian economists Felipe Buitrago and Iván Duque (former President of Colombia) in their 2013 book, The Orange Economy: An Infinite Opportunity.
  • Symbolism: The color orange was chosen as it has historically been associated with culture, creativity, and identity.

• Core Sectors: Includes film, music, gaming, animation, visual effects (AVGC), fashion, publishing, software development, and cultural tourism.
• Recent developments – Karnataka’s AVGC-XR Policy 3.0 (2024–2029) is a strategic framework designed to establish the state as a global leader in Animation, Visual Effects, Gaming, Comics, and Extended Reality

Naying Hydro Electric Project

Economy

News-  

• The Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (MIB) launched the pilot phase of Gems of India Challenge.

About

• Objective – It is a nationwide initiative to identify, nurture and promote grassroots digital creators.
• The challenge, built on MyWAVES platform under WAVES OTT, invites citizens to create short videos showcasing unique stories and cultural heritage of their districts.
• The pilot phase will cover Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Arunachal Pradesh, Chandigarh, Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu, Goa, and Ladakh.
• It offers district-level awards of ₹50,000 each for up to 20 creators per district, state-level awards of two lakh rupees, and national awards of five lakh rupees during the nationwide rollout.
• WAVES – It is an Over-The-Top (OTT) platform by Prasar Bharati, was launched at 55th International Film Festival of India (IFFI), held in Panaji, Goa, on 20th November 2024. 
• MyWAVES is a new feature within WAVES OTT platform that enables citizens to create, upload and share content aimed at promoting the ‘Orange Economy’.

Connect with basics – Orange Economy

• • It is also known as the Creative Economy
  • It refers to knowledge-based economic activities where individual creativity, skill, talent, and cultural heritage are transformed into economic value through Intellectual Property (IP). 
  • Origin: Coined by Colombian economists Felipe Buitrago and Iván Duque (former President of Colombia) in their 2013 book, The Orange Economy: An Infinite Opportunity.
  • Symbolism: The color orange was chosen as it has historically been associated with culture, creativity, and identity.

• Core Sectors: Includes film, music, gaming, animation, visual effects (AVGC), fashion, publishing, software development, and cultural tourism.
• Recent developments – Karnataka’s AVGC-XR Policy 3.0 (2024–2029) is a strategic framework designed to establish the state as a global leader in Animation, Visual Effects, Gaming, Comics, and Extended Reality

Odesa Port

International

News – 

• India condemned the attack on the vessel MV GOLDEN LEO, a commercial cargo vessel, claiming lives of four Indian Nationals while departing the port of Odesa in Ukraine.

Odesa Port

• Odesa port is one of the largest ports of Black Sea-Azov basin, located in the northwestern part of Black Sea.

Black Sea

• Located in – The Black Sea is located between Eastern Europe and Western Asia.
• Surrounded by – It is surrounded by the Pontic, Caucasus, and Crimean Mountains in the south, east and north respectively.
• Uniqueness – There is a significant absence of oxygen in the water (anoxic waters).
• Connectivity – The Black Sea is also connected to the Sea of Azov by the Strait of Kerch.
• Turkish straits system – Dardanelles, Bosporus and Marmara Sea forms a transitional zone between the Mediterranean and the Black Sea.
• Bordering countries of Black Sea are – Russia, Ukraine, Georgia, Turkey, Bulgaria and Romania.

Patent Mitra Initiative

Economy

News

• Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) licensed three indigenous biomedical technologies to domestic manufacturers under its Medical Innovations Patent Mitra initiative.

Patent Mitra Initiative

• It is a centralized digital platform acting as an Intellectual Property (IP) incubator for India’s healthcare sector. 

• The National Medical Commission (NMC) has mandated all Indian medical colleges to adopt it.

Institutional Structure

• Lead Agency: Developed and managed by the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR).
• Key Partners: Guided by NITI Aayog alongside the Department of Pharmaceuticals (DoP) and DPIIT.

Core Objectives

• Lowering Barriers: Eliminates high costs and bureaucratic hurdles of filing domestic and international patents.
• Commercialization: Translates lab research into real-world diagnostics, therapeutics, and medical devices.
• Self-Reliance: Boosts local biomedical manufacturing under the “Make in India” vision.

Connect with the basics – Intellectual Property rights

• Definition – It means providing property rights through patents, copyrights and trademarks. 
• Holders of intellectual property rights have monopoly on the usage of property or items for a specified time period. 

Types of intellectual property 

• Patents – It is used for protecting new inventions, ideas or processes. Patent holders need to pay periodic government renewal fees. An approved patent is for a limited time period.
• Copyrights – It protects the ideas, examples would be written works, music, art etc.
• Trademarks – It is something that protects the symbols, colors, phrases, sounds, design etc. 
• Trade Secrets – It may be strategies, systems, formulas or other confidential information of an organization that provides them competitive advantage in the market.

National IPR Policy

• Adopted in  – May 2016
• Objective –  To guide future development of IPRs in the country.
• Motto – Creative India; Innovative India
• Cell for IPR Promotion & Management (CIPAM) – It is set up under the aegis of DIPP; is to be the single point of reference for implementation of the objectives of the National IPR Policy.
• TRIPS – India’s IPR regime is in compliance with the WTO’s agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS).

KAPILA 

• Abbreviation – Kalam Program for Intellectual Property Literacy and Awareness campaign.
• Nodal Ministry – Ministry of Education

Objectives of the campaign include

• To create awareness regarding Intellectual Property Rights(IPR) in Higher Education Institutions(HEIs).
• To develop a training program on IPR for faculty and students of Higher Education Institutions.

Additional Information – World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO)

• • It is a self-funding agency of the United Nations, that serves the world’s innovators and creators, ensuring that their ideas travel safely to the market and improve lives everywhere.
  • History: WIPO was established in 1967 by the WIPO Convention. 
  • Members: The organization has 193 member states including both developing and developed nations like India, Italy, Israel, Austria, Bhutan, Brazil, China, Cuba, Egypt, Pakistan, the U.S. and the U.K.

• India joined WIPO in 1975. 

• Headquarters: Geneva, Switzerland.

M.P. Cabinet Approves Draft UCC Bill

Polity

Context

• The Madhya Pradesh Cabinet has approved the draft Uniform Civil Code (UCC) Bill.

Major Highlights of the Bill

• • Objective: The Bill seeks to prohibit polygamy and simultaneously multiple marriages across all communities.
  • It proposes a prohibition on practices like polygamy and nikah halala, while introducing strict provisions for live-in relationships. 
  • Exemptions: The law will not apply to Scheduled Tribes (such as Bhil, Gond, Korku, Baiga, Sahariya, and Bharia) covered under Articles 342 and 366 of the Constitution.
  • Furthermore, communities whose traditional rights are protected under Part XXI of the Constitution have also been specifically exempted.
  • Registration: It will be mandatory to register marriages and divorces across all communities through government portals.
  • Children of married or unmarried parents—whether biological, adopted, or born through surrogacy or Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART)—will enjoy equal legal status.
  • Live-in Relations: It is mandatory for live-in couples to submit an affidavit to the local registrar within a month of entering in a relationship, failing which could attract legal action.

• Children born out of live-in relationships will be considered legitimate and entitled to full inheritance rights. 

Uniform Civil Code

• Article 44 of the Directive Principles of the State Policy (DPSP) states that it is the duty of the State to secure Uniform Civil Code (UCC) for the citizens throughout the country. 
• It mainly aims to replace Personal Laws based on the scriptures and customs of each major religious community in India with a common set of rules governing every citizen. 
• “Uniform” in UCC signifies
  • Uniformity of laws between communities. 
  • Uniformity of laws within communities ensuring equalities between the rights of men and women. 

Efforts Towards UCC in India

• Special Marriage Act, 1954: The Special Marriage Act of 1954 provides for civil marriage for any citizen irrespective of religion, thus, permitting any Indian to have their marriage outside the boundaries of any religious personal law. 
•  Shah Bano Case 1985: In this case, Shah Bano was refused her claim for maintenance. The Supreme Court ruled in her favour under Section 125 of Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC), which applied to all citizens the order for maintenance of wives, children and parents. 
  • The Supreme Court further recommended that the long pending Uniform Civil Code should be finally enacted. 
• The Supreme Court also called on the government to implement the UCC in the 1995 Sarla Mudgal judgement as well as in the Paulo Coutinho vs Maria Luiza Valentina Pereira case (2019). 

Arguments in Favour of UCC

• Accommodating the Aspirations of the Youth: As the world transitions into the digital age, the social attitude and aspiration of the young population is shaping by universal and global principles of equality, humanity and modernity.
  • Thus, the enactment of Uniform Civil Code will help in utilising their full potential towards nation building. 
• Support National Integration: The Constitution guarantees all citizens equal treatment in courts of law whether it is criminal laws or other civil laws (except Personal Laws). 
  • Thus, the implementation of Uniform Civil Code will grant an equal set of personal laws to all, resulting in the end of politicization of issues of the discrimination or concessions or on the other hand exceptional benefits appreciated by a specific community on the basis of their specific religious personal laws. 
• The Rise Above the Patriarchal Mindset: The existing personal laws of most religions are based upon the upper-class patriarchal notions of the society. Thus, the codification and implementation of the Uniform Civil Code will destroy the sanctity of the patriarchal orthodox. 
  • Thus, the Uniform Civil Code will promote gender equality and will bring both men and women at par. 
• Convenient for Judicial Process: There exist many personal laws, including Hindu Code, Sharia Law, etc. The presence of so many laws leads to confusion, complexity, and inconsistencies in the adjudication of personal matters, sometimes resulting in delayed or incomplete justice. 
  • UCC will help the judiciary deliver justice efficiently and within a reasonable timeframe. 

Arguments Against UCC

• 21st Law Commission Report : The Law Commission of India has opined that a Uniform Civil Code (UCC) is neither necessary nor desirable to reconcile conflicts in personal/family laws. 
  • It stated that many countries are now moving towards recognition of difference, and the mere existence of difference does not imply discrimination, but is indicative of a robust democracy. 
  • Therefore, the Commission has suggested amendments to existing family laws to tackle discrimination and inequality in personal laws, rather than do away with differences between them altogether. 
• Against Cultural Diversity India: Practical difficulties due to diversity in India, it is difficult to come up with a uniform set of rules for personal issues like marriage due to the tremendous diverse culture in India across the religions, sects, castes, states, etc.
• Encroachment on Religious Freedom: Articles 25 to 28 of Indian Constitution provide the Right to Freedom of Religion. The Uniform Civil Code is viewed as a threat to religious freedom (Article 25) by many communities, especially the minority communities. 
  • According to them, the Uniform Civil Code will neglect their traditions and impose rules which will be mainly influenced by the majority religious communities.
• Against the Indigenous Rights of Tribes: The Naga Community has claimed that the implementation of UCC would bring about clear trouble for their culture and dignity. 
  • It can potentially cause social disorder, as the personal and social life of the tribes are quite distinct from the rest of the people in the country. 

Conclusion 

• The goal of a UCC should ideally be reached in a piecemeal manner through a brick-by-brick approach rather than an omnibus approach. A just code is far more important than a uniform code.

Operation Vajra

Polity

Context

• The Central Bureau of Narcotics (CBN) prevented illegal trafficking of high-strength Tramadol Hydrochloride (250 mg) tablets under the Operation Vajra.

Tramadol 

• It is a synthetic opioid painkiller, popularly known as the ‘Fighter Drug’. 
• It has reportedly been misused by fighters, including ISIS militants, to suppress pain and fatigue. 
• In 2018, India brought Tramadol under the ambit of the Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act, 1985, making its production and sale without approval from the Central Bureau of Narcotics illegal. 

Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act, 1985

• Objective – It is India’s primary law regulating narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances. It balances strict prohibition with medical use.

Constitutional & Global Pillars

• Article 47: Aligns with the Directive Principle to prohibit health-injurious drinks and drugs.
• UN Treaties: Fulfills India’s obligations under the 1961, 1971, and 1988 UN drug conventions.
• Jurisdiction: Covers all of India, its citizens abroad, and India-registered ships/aircraft.

Key Provisions & Definitions

• Blanket Ban: Prohibits cultivation, production, possession, and sale of narcotics except for medical/scientific use.
• Bhang Exception: Explicitly bans Charas and Ganja, but excludes Bhang (leaves), leaving it to state laws.
• Property Forfeiture: Empowers the state to freeze and seize assets derived from illicit drug trafficking.

Enforcement Nodal Body

• Narcotics Control Bureau (NCB): Formed in 1986 under the Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) as the apex coordinating enforcement agency.