Blog

Indira Point

Geography

Context

• The Environment Ministry is seeking approval for protection and development work at Indira Point.

Indira Point

• Indira Point is India’s southernmost point of territory, located on Great Nicobar Island (Andaman and Nicobar Islands). 
• Formerly called Pygmalion Point, it was renamed in 1985. 
• It is strategically situated near the Six Degree Channel and Indonesia.
• It is crucial for maritime security but experienced severe land subsidence during the 2004 Tsunami.

Geographic & Strategic 

• Location: Lies in the Nicobar district at 6°45′ N latitude and 93°49′ E longitude.
• Proximity: It is located only about 145-163 km from Indonesia’s Rondo Island (Sumatra).
• Mainland vs. Territory: It is the southernmost point of the Indian Union. 
• In contrast, Kanyakumari is the southernmost point of the Indian mainland.
• Ecological Importance: Situated south of Galathea Bay, the region is a globally recognized nesting site for Leatherback Sea Turtles and houses the endemic Nicobar megapode.

Additional Information – The Great Nicobar Island (GNI) Project 

• It is conceived by NITI Aayog and launched in 2021.
• It is a ₹72,000–₹81,000 crore mega-infrastructure initiative. 

• It is aimed at transforming India’s southernmost island into a major strategic  and economic hub. 
• Significance – The project is a centerpiece of India’s Maritime Vision 2030 and Amrit Kaal Vision 2047.

Indiahandmade

Polity

Context

• Indiahandmade is a dedicated digital marketplace that brings India’s handloom and handicraft traditions into the online economy.

Indiahandmade 

• It was launched in 2023
• Objective – to strengthen the visibility of handmade products and open wider market opportunities for sellers.
• Developed By: Digital India Corporation under the Ministry of Textiles.

Salient Features: 

• • Specialised Online Marketplace: It enables weavers and artisans to sell their handloom and handicraft products online.
  • Direct Buyer Access: Artisans and weavers are directly connected with buyers, helping reduce intermediaries and support fair compensation.
  • Digital Empowerment: Artisans and weavers are provided with digital tools and visibility to participate more effectively in online commerce.
  • It offers a wide range of products, including apparel, home décor, furnishings, paintings, furniture, religious items, stationery, musical instruments, jewellery, bags and footwear.
• It also highlights special product categories such as GI-tagged and ODOP products.

Vikram-1

Science and Technology

Context

• Skyroot Aerospace has announced that Vikram-1, will carry six payloads during Mission Aagaman.

Vikram-1

• Vikram-1 is a four-stage orbital launch vehicle developed by Skyroot Aerospace, an Indian space-tech start-up.
• It is India’s first privately developed orbital-class rocket. 
• Vikram-I can deploy up to 350 kg into low Earth orbit (LEO) and 260 kg into a sun-synchronous orbit (SSO).
• Mission Aagaman is the first orbital test flight of the Vikram-1 rocket, making it India’s first private orbital launch. 
• Developed by Skyroot Aerospace, it is scheduled to launch from Sriharikota between July 12 and August 4, 2026.

Oldest Quasars Found

Science & technology

Context

• The Euclid space telescope has spotted the oldest quasars ever discovered, deepening a cosmic mystery that has been puzzling scientists.

About

• A quasar (short for Quasi-Stellar Radio Source) is an extremely active and luminous type of Active Galactic Nucleus (AGN). 
• It is not a star, but the glowing, energetic core of a distant galaxy powered by a supermassive black hole

Additional Information – Quasars vs. Blazars

Both are sub-classes of Active Galactic Nuclei (AGNs) powered by supermassive black holes, but they differ in how we observe them from Earth

INS Mahendragiri

Defence

Context

• The Indian Navy is set to commission INS Mahendragiri (F38), the sixth indigenous stealth frigate under Project 17A, at Visakhapatnam.

About

• It is named after the majestic Mahendragiri mountain range in the Eastern Ghats.
• The stealth frigate was designed by the Indian Navy’s Warship Design Bureau and built by Mazagon Dock Shipbuilders Limited, Mumbai.
• The frigate is equipped with an advanced suite of indigenous and state-of-the-art weapons and sensors, including surface-to-surface and surface-to-air missile systems, sophisticated electronic warfare capabilities, comprehensive anti-submarine warfare systems, and an integrated Combat Management System.

Additional Information – Project 17A (P-17A)

• Objective: To build seven advanced stealth guided-missile frigates for the Indian Navy.
• Key Manufacturers: The project is split between Mazagon Dock Shipbuilders Limited (MDL) in Mumbai (4 ships) and Garden Reach Shipbuilders & Engineers (GRSE) in Kolkata (3 ships).
• Design: Designed in-house by the Warship Design Bureau (WDB).
• Indigenization: Approximately 75% of the content is indigenous, involving over 200 MSMEs, aligning with the Aatmanirbhar Bharat (Self-reliant India) initiative.

List of Seven Frigates

1. INS Nilgiri – Commissioned Jan 2025
2. INS Himgiri – Commissioned Aug 2025
3. INS Udaygiri – Commissioned Aug 2025
4. INS Taragiri – Commissioned April 2026
5. INS Dunagiri – Delivered March/April 2026
6. INS Vindhyagiri – Under sea trials/outfitting
7. INS Mahendragiri – Under construction/outfitting

India-Indonesia Relations

International Relations

News – 

• The Prime Minister of India undertook a State Visit to Indonesia from 6-8 July 2026.

Outcomes of the visit

• Defence: Elevation of defence cooperation through cooperation on BrahMos Missile System, and Astra Air-to-Air Missile.
• Culture: Inauguration of India-supported project towards restoration and conservation of UNESCO World Heritage Prambanan Temple Compounds by Archaeological Survey of India (ASI).
• Prambanan Temple Compounds, located in Yogyakarta on Indonesia’s Java Island, is the country’s largest Hindu temple complex dating 9th century AD, dedicated to Hindu Trinity – Lord Shiva, Vishnu and Brahma.
• Commemorate 2026–2027 as “Tagore–Dewantara Year of India–Indonesia Cultural and Educational Diplomacy” marking centenary of Rabindranath Tagore’s visit to Indonesia in 1927.
• Setting up of Indian Institute of Management, Bangalore branch campus at Singhasari SEZ, Indonesia

India-Indonesia Relations

• Background: 2024 marked 75 years of establishment of diplomatic relations. Signed Comprehensive Strategic Partnership in 2018.
• Bilateral Trade: Indonesia is the second largest trading partner of India in the ASEAN region.
• Defence: Participate in several exercises like 

• IND-INDO CORPAT, 

1. Multilateral Naval Exercises – Komodo and Milan, 
2. Bilateral Army Exercise – Garuda Shakti, 
3. Bilateral Naval Exercise – Samudra Shakti,Ex Elang Shakti, Ex Super Garuda Shield 2025, etc.

Natural History Museum (NHM) at Mizoram : 21st Designated Repository

Environment

News – 

• The Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC) notified the Natural History Museum (NHM) at Mizoram University, Aizawl, as India’s 21st Designated Repository.

Natural History Museum (NHM)

• It is located in the Indo-Burma Biodiversity Hotspot.
• It specialises in lesser-studied taxa (like pteridophytes and macrofungi), and documents rare endemic species from Northeast India.

Designated Repository

• It is notified under Section 39 of the Biological Diversity Act, 2002,
• It is a scientific institution authorised to receive, preserve, and maintain biological specimens in safe custody.
• MoEFCC notifies these repositories in consultation with the National Biodiversity Authority (NBA).

Kamarajar Port

Economy

News – 

• Kamarajar Port became the second Major Port of India, after Visakhapatnam Port, to offer a draft capability of 18 metres.

Kamarajar Port

• It is a deep-water port with cargo carrying capacity of up to 1,70,000 deadweight tonnage (DWT).
• Formerly Known as Ennore Port
• Major Ports: There are 14 major ports (12 Operational) under administrative control of the Ministry of Ports, Shipping and Waterways.

Additional Information – India has 14 major ports, out of which 12 are fully operational.

Western Coast (6 Operational Ports)

1. Deendayal Port (Kandla) Gujarat
2. Mumbai Port, Maharashtra
3. Jawaharlal Nehru Port Authority (JNPA/Nhava Sheva), Maharashtra
4. Mormugao Port, Goa 
5. New Mangalore Port, Karnataka
6. Cochin Port, Kerala

Eastern Coast (6 Operational Ports)

1. Syama Prasad Mookerjee Port (Kolkata/Haldia), West Bengal
2. Paradip Port, Odisha 
3. Visakhapatnam Port, Andhra Pradesh
4. Kamarajar Port (Ennore), Tamil Nadu
5. Chennai Port, Tamil Nadu
6. V.O. Chidambaranar Port (Tuticorin), Tamil Nadu

Non-Operational / Under-Development (2 Ports)

1. Vadhvan Port: An upcoming mega satellite port located in Palghar, Maharashtra.
2. Galathea Bay Port: An international transshipment port being developed at Great Nicobar Island.

Akash Tarang

Science & Technology

Context 

• The Defence Acquisition Council (DAC) approved the procurement of Akash Tarang

Akash Tarang

• It is an indigenous Anti-Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Electronic Warfare System, designed to provide effective protection against hostile drones.
• Akash Tarang neutralises drones by targeting their radio frequencies. 
• The platform works by detecting, tracking, and jamming the essential control signals of invading drones.
• Akash Tarang functions as a key digital pillar in India’s broader “Sudarshan Chakra”.

Additional Information – Mission Sudarshan Chakra.

• During Operation Sindoor, India faced drone and missile threats from Pakistan.
• To strengthen national security, the Sudarshan Chakra missile shield—planned for 2035 under Make in India.
• Mandate – It aims to integrate advanced defensive systems like Iron Dome, Iron Beam, Arrow, David’s Sling, along with existing S-400, Barak, and Akash systems, covering India’s borders and coastline.

Sudarshan Chakra

• It is a multi-layered, home-grown air defence initiative. 
• It is  named after Lord Krishna’s divine disc, designed to protect key sites from missiles, rockets, drones, and swarms.
• It combines long-range systems like S-400 and Project Kusha, medium-range MRSAM/Barak-8, short-range Iron Dome, and future laser-based weapons like Iron Beam and DURGA-II for cost-effective drone and low-altitude threat interception.

Dr. Syama Prasad Mookerjee’s 125th Birth Anniversary

History & Culture

Context

• Prime Minister Narendra Modi paid tributes to Dr. Syama Prasad Mookerjee on his 125th birth anniversary.

Dr. Syama Prasad Mookerjee (1901- 1953)

• • Initially a member of the Indian National Congress; later joined the Hindu Mahasabha in the 1930s.
  • He became the youngest Vice-Chancellor of Calcutta University at age 33 in 1934.
  • He served as Finance Minister of Bengal (1941–42) in the Fazlul Haq ministry.
  • He was a strong critic of the Muslim League and the partition of India.
  • He joined the cabinet of the interim government as Minister for Industry and Supply after independence (1947–1950), but resigned over differences.
  • Founder of Bharatiya Jana Sangh: In 1951, founded the Bharatiya Jana Sangh, the ideological predecessor of today’s Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP).
  • Advocated for national unity, cultural nationalism, and economic self-reliance.
  • Legacy: He is remembered as a staunch nationalist, educationist, and advocate of cultural unity.
• The Syama Prasad Mookerjee Port in Kolkata and several institutions are named in his honor.

Hindkesari Pedgaon ‘Bailgada Sharyat’

History & Culture

Context

• The Hindkesari Pedgaon ‘Bailgada Sharyat’ (bullock cart race) showcased Maharashtra’s deep-rooted rural sporting tradition, attracting more than 1,000 entrants and thousands of spectators from across the region.

About

• The bullock cart race is an event involving bulls or bullocks to conduct a race with the animals tied to a cart by a wooden yoke, with or without a cartman. 
• The rural sport is known as ‘bailgada sharyat,’ ‘chhakadi’ or ‘shankarpath’ in the state.
• It is held annually in Pedgaon, Khatav Taluk, Satara district, Maharashtra.

Additional Information – Jallikattu

• • It is also known as Eruthazhuvuthal.
  • It is a bull-taming sport traditionally played in Tamil Nadu as part of the Pongal harvest festival.
  • The history of this bullfight dates back to 400-100 BCE when it was played by the Ayars, an ethnic group in India. 
  • The name is coined from two words, Jalli (silver and gold coins) and Kattu (tied). 
  • In this festival, a bull is let loose among a crowd of people, and whoever tames it will get the coins tied to its horn.
  • The people who participate in the sport try to hold on to the animal’s hump to stop it. Sometimes, they run along with the bull.
  • Pulikulam or Kangayam is the breed of bulls used for the sport. This festival has been part of cultural tourism in the state.

• Vadi manjuviraṭṭu, Vēli viraṭṭu, and Vaṭam manjuviraṭṭu are the variants of this sport

Kambala

• The annual buffalo race Kambala is a unique festival observed by the farming community between November to March.
• Kambala is performed on two parallel race tracks, filled with slushy water.
• Traditionally, it is sponsored by local Tuluva landlords and households in the coastal districts of Dakshina Kannada, Udupi and Bhatkal of Karnataka and Kasaragod of Kerala, a region collectively known as Tulu Nadu.

MY Bharat (Mera Yuva Bharat)

Government Schemes

Context

• Union Minister for Youth Affairs and Sports Mansukh Mandaviya highlighted the role of MY Bharat in nurturing youth potential and directing it towards nation-building.

MY Bharat (Mera Yuva Bharat) 

• It was launched in October 2023 under the Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports as an autonomous body. 
• It serves as a digital platform that connects the Government, educational institutions, non-profit organisations and industry to create meaningful youth engagement. 
• It aims to place youth at the centre of nation-building by providing opportunities for volunteering, skill development, leadership, and civic participation. 
• The initiative, aligned with the National Youth Policy, primarily engages individuals in the 15–29 year age group while also nurturing adolescents between 10–19 years to cultivate early participation and civic awareness.

Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act, 1967 (UAPA).

Polity

Context

• The Ministry of Home Affairs has designated 23 more individuals as ‘terrorists’ under the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act, 1967 (UAPA).

UAPA Act

• Enacted: 1967
• Mandate: It is aimed at “more effective prevention of certain unlawful activities of individuals and associations for dealing with terrorist activities”.
• Unlawful activity: Unlawful activity means any conduct which constitutes a crime or which contravenes any law.
• Terrorist act: Section 15 of the Act defines “terrorist act” and is punishable with imprisonment for a term of at least five years and up to life. 
• Power to central government – The Act assigns absolute power to the central government, by way of which the Centre deems an activity as unlawful.
• Applicability: The provisions of this Act apply also to— 

(a) citizens of India outside India; 

(b) persons in the service of the Government, wherever they may be; and 

(c) persons on ships and aircrafts, registered in India, wherever they may be.

Unlawful Activities Prevention Act (UAPA) Amendment Act 2019

• The Act empowers the government to designate individuals as terrorists.  
• Under the Act, the central government may designate an organisation as a terrorist organisation 

Additional Information – National Investigation Agency (NIA)

• Established under: NIA Act, 2008 after 26/11 Mumbai attacks.
• Function: Central counter-terrorism law enforcement agency.
• Mandate: Investigates offences affecting India’s sovereignty, security, international treaties, etc.

NIA (Amendment) Act, 2019:

• Jurisdiction extended: Can investigate scheduled offences committed outside India involving Indian citizens/interests.
• Expanded mandate: Covers offences under Explosive Substances Act, 1908 Human Trafficking, Cyber Terrorism Arms Act, 1959.
• Headquarters: New Delhi
• Special Courts: Total NIA Special Courts: 52
• Exclusive NIA Courts: 3 (Ranchi, Jammu and Mumbai).

Right to Vote: Need for Fundamental Right Status

Polity

News – 

• The Opposition advocated upgrading the Right to Vote from a statutory right to a Fundamental Right, reigniting debates on constitutionalising electoral rights.

Right to Vote in India

• Constitutional Basis: Article 326 grants universal adult suffrage, allowing citizens 18 or older to register to vote unless disqualified by law, making voting a constitutional right, not a Fundamental Right.
• Statutory Basis: Section 19 of the Representation of the People Act (RPA), 1950, governs electoral registration, while Section 62 of the 1951 Act governs voting eligibility.
• Paradox: Voting is a statutory right, but ‘Right to Know’ candidate information, voting choice, NOTA (right to reject), and ballot secrecy were recognised as fundamental rights under Article 19(1)(a).

Supreme Court (SC) Judgements on Voting Rights

• N.P. Ponnuswami (1952) and Jyoti Basu (1982): The SC held that electoral rights are statutory, not Fundamental or common-law rights.
• Kuldip Nayar v. UoI (2006): Reaffirmed that the right to vote remains statutory.
• Anoop Baranwal v. UoI (2023): A concurring opinion supported recognising voting as a Fundamental Right, indicating doctrinal evolution.

NASA’s Swift Boost Mission

Science & technology

News – 

• NASA launched the Swift Boost Mission, deploying the LINK spacecraft to prevent the Neil Gehrels Swift Observatory from burning up.

NASA’s Swift Boost Mission

• It is a NASA initiative that launched on July 3, 2026,
• Mandate – to rescue and reboost the aging Neil Gehrels Swift Observatory. Launched in 2004, the space telescope’s orbit had decayed due to heightened solar activity, risking atmospheric reentry and destruction.
• Objective: The mission uses a robotic spacecraft called LINK to autonomously rendezvous with, dock using robotic arms, and push the Swift observatory into a higher and safer orbit.
• Reboost Details: The LINK spacecraft was developed by a commercial startup, Katalyst Space Technologies, via a rapid and cost-effective $30 million NASA contract.
• Launch Vehicle: LINK was launched into space aboard a Northrop Grumman Pegasus XL rocket dropped from the belly of a Stargazer aircraft over the Pacific Ocean.
• Significance: It is the first commercial robotic satellite rescue attempt of its kind. 
• If successful, it demonstrates crucial On-Orbit Servicing (OOS) capabilities—meaning satellites and space telescopes can be repaired, refueled, or repositioned in space rather than being abandoned, saving immense future replacement

India’s Fisheries Sector

Economy

News – 

• India ranks as world’s 2nd largest fish producing nation accounting for 8% of global output.

• Fisheries account for nearly 7.43% Agricultural Gross Value Added (GVA), highest among the agriculture and allied sectors.

Initiatives to Promote Fisheries in India

• Pradhan Mantri Matsya Sampada Yojana (PMMSY): to usher in the “Blue Revolution” through the sustainable and responsible development of the fisheries sector.
• Pradhan Mantri Matsya Kisan Samridhi Sah-Yojana (PM-MKSSY): It aims to formalise the unorganised fisheries sector and support micro and small enterprises.
• Kisan Credit Card for Fisheries: Government has raised the lending limit under the scheme for fisheries and allied activities from Rs 2 lakh to Rs 5 lakh.
• Fisheries and Aquaculture Infrastructure Development Fund (FIDF): It offers a credit guarantee cover of up to Rs 12.50 crore and provides an interest subvention of up to 3% per year.

Nameri Tiger Reserve

Environment

News

• Tiger population in Assam’s Nameri Tiger Reserve rose fourfold, from 3 tigers in 2022 to 12 by the end of 2025.

Nameri Tiger Reserve

• • It lies in northern Sonitpur district, Assam, along the Eastern Himalayan foothills. 
  • It is Assam’s second tiger reserve, after Manas, and is located within the Sonitpur Elephant Reserve.
  • The glacier-fed Jia Bhoroli, a Brahmaputra tributary, defines the southern boundary of the core area. 

• It is a habitat for the endangered Golden Mahseer.

• Vegetation: Tropical semi-evergreen forests, cane brakes, and riparian grasslands dominate the landscape, including Hollock, Nahor, and Simul.
• Faunal Diversity: Bengal tiger, Asian elephant, clouded leopard, gaur, and dhole; it is one of the last breeding sites of the endangered White-winged Wood Duck. The Potasali pre-release facility in Nameri trains captive-bred pygmy hogs for wild reintroduction.
• Its northern boundary connects the reserve with Arunachal Pradesh’s Pakke Tiger Reserve, facilitating transboundary megafauna movement.

e-Jagriti

Polity

News – 

• The Prime Minister shared an article on the role of e-Jagriti (e-Justice and Grievance Redressal through Information Technology and Innovation) in addressing consumer complaints.

e-Jagriti

• e-Jagriti is the Department of Consumer Affairs’ integrated digital consumer grievance redressal platform, launched in January 2025.
• It provides paperless, AI-enabled, multilingual, and end-to-end online dispute resolution by integrating legacy consumer complaint systems.
• Key Components: Integrates legacy systems like OCMS, e-Daakhil, NCDRC CMS & CONFONET into a single, seamless interface.
• Key Features: Offers e-filing, virtual hearings, real-time case tracking, secure digital payments (Bharat Kosh/PayGov), and role-based access.